{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T06:02:32Z","timestamp":1789970552273,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Taro (\n                    <jats:italic>Colocasia esculenta<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L.) Schott) is a vegetatively propagated root crop of major importance for food security in Africa. Despite this, no continental synthesis has integrated its agromorphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization findings. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to (i) compile all studies characterizing\n                    <jats:italic>Colocasia esculenta<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Africa between 2010 and 2026, (ii) estimate pooled genetic diversity through random-effects meta-analyses, and (iii) identify key research gaps. The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with the protocol prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework (osf.io\/5s9py; DOI: 10.17605\/OSF.IO\/5S9PY). Five electronic databases were searched for English-language articles published between January 2010 and April 2026. Screening was performed by two independent reviewers using Rayyan in blind mode (Cohen\u2019s kappa = 0.84). Methodological quality was assessed using an\n                    <jats:italic>ad hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                    scoring tool adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed on expected heterozygosity (He), polymorphism information content (PIC), and number of alleles per locus (Na), with marker-stratified analyses (SSR vs SNP\/GBS) as primary analyses and meta-regression for four moderators. Of 222 records identified, 64 studies were included (44 original articles and 20 reviews). The geographic distribution was uneven, with Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, and Ethiopia accounting for 86% of original studies, while Central and North Africa were essentially unrepresented. The methodological landscape shifted toward SSR (58.8%) and SNP\/GBS (29.4%) markers recently. Pooled estimates were He = 0.40 (95% CI: 0.32-0.48; 95% PI: 0.08-0.72; k = 12), PIC = 0.46 (95% CI: 0.38-0.55; 95% PI: 0.18-0.75; k = 10), and Na = 3.72 (95% CI: 3.13-4.30; 95% PI: 1.63-5.81; k = 10). The wide prediction intervals should be considered the primary reference range for future studies, and marker-stratified estimates are preferred over overall pooled values for cross-study comparisons. Between-study heterogeneity was high (I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    &amp;gt; 89%) and the English-only restriction may have led to the underrepresentation of francophone African studies. African taro harbors moderate genetic diversity, yet the literature is geographically skewed, biochemical characterization is underrepresented, and no studies integrate all three dimensions. Future research should prioritize collection in underrepresented regions, multi-dimensional characterization, SNP-based genotyping, and core collection development.\n                    <jats:bold>Systematic review registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/osf.io\/5s9py\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    , identifier 10.17605\/OSF.IO\/5S9PY.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1930197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:36:19Z","timestamp":1789968979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping the characterization landscape of Colocasia esculenta (L.) in Africa: gaps, trends, and priorities - a systematic review with meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Riwan Jaures Uriel","family":"Kouke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Genetic Improvement, Faculty of Natural Sciences University Nangui Abrogoua","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Central Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technique, University of Abomey-Calavi","place":["Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beket Severin","family":"Bonny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Genetic Improvement, Faculty of Natural Sciences University Nangui Abrogoua","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nwonumara Godwin","family":"Nkwuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University","place":["Abakaliki, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Staff Fellow, Orphan Project, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Nangui Abrogoua University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nwanchor","family":"Kelechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Staff Fellow, Orphan Project, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Nangui Abrogoua University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Department of Crop Production and Landscape Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University","place":["Abakaliki, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corneille","family":"Ahanhanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technique, University of Abomey-Calavi","place":["Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouam\u00e9 Kevin","family":"Koffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Genetic Improvement, Faculty of Natural Sciences University Nangui Abrogoua","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7383","DOI":"10.18697\/ajfand.57.10345","article-title":"Effect of processing method on the proximate composition, mineral content and antinutritional factors of taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) grown in Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Adane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.08.014","article-title":"Taro (Colocasia esculenta): zero wastage orphan food crop for food and nutritional security","volume":"145","author":"Aditika","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54761-3","article-title":"Phenotypic and molecular assessment of genetic structure and diversity in a panel of winged yam (Dioscorea alata) clones and cultivars","volume":"9","author":"Agre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"418","article-title":"A comparative assessment of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. (Schott)) phenotypic corms\/cormels characteristics among Kenya and Tarogen core taro collections for taro crop improvement and breeding","volume":"4","author":"Akwee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Adv. Stud."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"47","article-title":"Genetic variation in morphological characters and yield related traits of taro collections (Colocasia esculenta L. (Schott)) in Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Akwee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Adv. Stud."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Ment. Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/164.4.1635","article-title":"The population genetics of clonal and partially clonal diploids","volume":"164","author":"Balloux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Descriptors for Farmers' Knowledge of Plants","year":"2010"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5897\/JPBCS2018.0734","article-title":"Agro-morphological characterization of some taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.) germplasms in Ghana","volume":"10","author":"Boampong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","volume-title":"Introduction to Meta-Analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"314","article-title":"Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms","volume":"32","author":"Botstein","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2017.01.009","article-title":"Improving nutrition through biofortification: a review of evidence from HarvestPlus 2003 through 2016","volume":"12","author":"Bouis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Food. Secur."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17010075","article-title":"The genetic diversity of African common bean germplasm: a systematic review of reported molecular studies","volume":"17","author":"Chikasha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5685","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120605685","article-title":"The potential role of neglected and underutilised crop species as future crops under water scarce conditions in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"12","author":"Chivenge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15895","article-title":"The role of genetics in mainstreaming the production of new and orphan crops to diversify food systems and support human nutrition","volume":"224","author":"Dawson","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-07644-x","article-title":"Harnessing genotype-by-environment interaction and stability analysis of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) genotypes for resilient breeding and food security in Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"25","author":"Debela","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-6515-2","article-title":"Asexual reproduction: genetics and evolutionary aspects","volume":"64","author":"De Meeus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-025-02381-4","article-title":"Discrimination and selection of exploitable genetic resources from clonal mixtures of taro and tannia germplasm based on agro-morphological and nutritional characterization","volume":"72","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genet. Resour. Crop Evol."},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database\n          \n          \n          Rome\n          Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2019.1255.13","article-title":"Evaluation of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) germplasm collection in South Africa","volume":"1255","author":"Gerrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"B22","article-title":"metapower: an R package for computing meta-analytic statistical power","volume-title":"R Package Version 0.2.2","author":"Griffin","year":"2021"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-018-0651-4","article-title":"From landraces to modern cultivars: field observations on taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"65","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genet. Resour. Crop Evol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1996.0112","article-title":"Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species","volume":"351","author":"Hamrick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.426","article-title":"The power of statistical tests for moderators in meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Hedges","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esx070","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships, breeding implications, and cultivation history of Hawaiian taro (Colocasia esculenta) through genome-wide SNP genotyping","volume":"109","author":"Helmkampf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2008.00552.x","article-title":"A re-evaluation of random-effects meta-analysis","volume":"172","author":"Higgins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A Stat. Soc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","article-title":"Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"IntHout","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Descriptors for Taro (Colocasia Esculenta)","year":"1999"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800607105","article-title":"A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop-variety diversity maintained by farming communities","volume":"105","author":"Jarvis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-010-0286-9","article-title":"Microsatellite markers: an overview of the recent progress in plants","volume":"177","author":"Kalia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1017\/S1479262113000014","article-title":"Genetic diversity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces and cultivars from southern, eastern and central Africa","volume":"11","author":"Kawuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Genet. Resour."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-004-1691-z","article-title":"Genetic diversity of taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, in Southeast Asia and the Pacific","volume":"109","author":"Kreike","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams and Aroids","author":"Lebot","year":"2009"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-019-03129-y","article-title":"Prospects of orphan crops in climate change","volume":"250","author":"Mabhaudhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1139\/g02-045","article-title":"Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in taro (Colocasia esculenta)","volume":"45","author":"Mace","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1079\/PGR2006125","article-title":"Rationalization of taro germplasm collections in the Pacific Island region using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers","volume":"4","author":"Mace","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Genet. Resour."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2013.13030","article-title":"Genetic structure and diversity of East African taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott","volume":"13","author":"Macharia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.17348\/era.2.0.55-71","article-title":"Genetic diversity in taro, and the preservation of culinary knowledge","volume":"2","author":"Matthews","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ethnobot. Res. Appl."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2003.1235","article-title":"Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants\u2014salient statistical tools and considerations","volume":"43","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462312000086","article-title":"The effect of English-language restriction on systematic review-based meta-analyses: a systematic review of empirical studies","volume":"28","author":"Morrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04925-y","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Mwesigwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.10.011","article-title":"Excluding non-English publications from evidence-syntheses did not change conclusions: a meta-epidemiological study","volume":"118","author":"Nussbaumer-Streit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05791-1","article-title":"Extent and patterns of morphological and molecular genetic diversity and population structure of Nigerian Taro cultivars","volume":"24","author":"Oladimeji","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12092094","article-title":"Taro in West Africa: status, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Oladimeji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"Fighting Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition With Neglected and Underutilized Species (Nus): Needs, Challenges and the Way Forward","author":"Padulosi","year":"2013"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-015-0273-1","article-title":"Tracking crop varieties using genotyping-by-sequencing markers: a case study using cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)","volume":"16","author":"Rabbi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genet."},{"key":"B52","volume-title":"The Global Diversity of Taro: Ethnobotany and Conservation","author":"Rao","year":"2010"},{"key":"B53","unstructured":"Vienna, Austria\n          R Foundation for Statistical Computing\n          R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw1947","article-title":"Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication","volume":"5","author":"Scarcelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2006.000-5110","article-title":"An overview of molecular marker methods for plants","volume":"5","author":"Semagn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr. J. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture2030182","article-title":"Taro leaf blight\u2014a threat to food security","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-019-03210-6","article-title":"Orphan crops: their importance and the urgency of improvement","volume":"250","author":"Tadele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"23","article-title":"Nutritional potential, health and food security benefits of taro Colocasia esculenta (L.): a review","volume":"36","author":"Temesgen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food. Sci. Qual. Manage."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.plant.20130101.11","article-title":"Morpho-agronomical characterization of taro (Colocasia esculenta) accessions in Ethiopia","volume":"1","author":"Tewodros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-009-1252-6","article-title":"Genetic diversity trends in twentieth century crop cultivars: a meta analysis","volume":"120","author":"Van de Wouw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.010","article-title":"Designing future crops: genomics-assisted breeding comes of age","volume":"26","author":"Varshney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat. Software"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1930197\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:36:24Z","timestamp":1789968984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1930197\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1930197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1930197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"article-number":"1930197"}}