{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:55:36Z","timestamp":1791478536114,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Staminody (petaloid stamen) contributes to floral diversity in horticultural plants, yet its molecular regulation remains poorly understood. Using two Chinese narcissus varieties, \u2018Jinzhanyintai\u2019 (single-flowered) and \u2018Yulinglong\u2019 (double-flowered), we conducted anatomical and histological analyses, which confirmed that the petaloid stamens of \u2018Yulinglong\u2019 arise from a homeotic transformation of normal stamens of \u2018Jinzhanyintai\u2019, as evidenced by conserved internal locule-like structures and gradual morphological intermediates. Comparative transcriptomics across five key developmental stages revealed global gene expression dynamics during staminody. Screening for differentially expressed transcription factors across these stages identified a bZIP TGA-subfamily homolog, designated\n                    <jats:italic>NtTGA10<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which was consistently and significantly downregulated in petaloid stamens compared with normal stamens. Subcellular localization confirmed nuclear enrichment of NtTGA10. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, luciferase complementation imaging, and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that NtTGA10 specifically interacts\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    with the C-class MADS-box protein NtMADS6 (AGAMOUS), suggesting formation of a transcriptional complex. RT-qPCR analysis showed high expression of\n                    <jats:italic>NtTGA10<\/jats:italic>\n                    in normal stamens but significant downregulation in petaloid stamens and other floral organs. This expression pattern implies that\n                    <jats:italic>NtTGA10<\/jats:italic>\n                    not only participates in normal stamen development but also its downregulation may be closely associated with petaloid conversion. Collectively, our findings suggest that the NtTGA10\u2013NtMADS6 transcriptional complex serves as a critical regulator in maintaining stamen identity and repressing petaloid conversion. This study provides the first evidence for TGA\u2013MADS box interplay in regulating floral organ identity in narcissus, offering novel insights into the molecular basis of floral organ plasticity and identifying potential targets for molecular design breeding in horticultural plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1931382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:38:18Z","timestamp":1789709898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic insights into the molecular regulatory mechanism of staminody in Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pengda","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keke","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanting","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baokun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanchen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Bamboo and Rattan","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration\/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2010.12.012","article-title":"Effect of the expression level of an AGAMOUS-like gene on the petaloidy of stamens in the double-flowered lily, 'Elodie'","volume":"128","author":"Akita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.112.1.1","article-title":"Genetic interactions among floral homeotic genes of Arabidopsis","volume":"112","author":"Bowman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.11.5961","article-title":"Arabidopsis thaliana ethylene-responsive element binding protein (AtEBP), an ethylene-inducible, GCC box DNA-binding protein interacts with an ocs element binding protein","volume":"94","author":"Buttner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"810","article-title":"Analysis of genetic diversity of germplasm resources in Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta L. var. chinensis Roem.)","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Xiamen Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.31274\/rtd-180813-16194","article-title":"Cloning and functional analysis of NtMYB9 in 'Jinzhanyintai' of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2296(06)44002-7","article-title":"Recent developments regarding the evolutionary origin of flowers","volume":"44","author":"Frohlich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Bot. Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110732","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7717-8_18","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis in Alcea rosea L. and identification of critical genes involved in stamen petaloid","volume":"293","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Functional analysis of OsTGAL4 and OsTGAL11 in regulating rice floral organ development","author":"Guo","year":"2023"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"645","article-title":"Expression analysis and functional study of wheat disease resistance-related gene TaTGA2.2 in wheat-stripe rust interaction","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Triticeae Crops"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-025-05022-7","article-title":"Identification of rice grain weight gene TGW12 interacting proteins","volume":"138","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Study on the mechanism of stamen petaloidy in cultivated tree peony based on comparative transcriptomics","author":"He","year":"2017"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.december.16.12","article-title":"Cloning and functional analysis of NtHDR in 'Jinzhanyintai' of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis M.Roem","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research advances in molecular mechanisms of double flower formation","volume":"50","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Hortic. Sin."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313x.2005.02487.x","article-title":"Expression of floral MADS-box genes in basal angiosperms: implications for the evolution of floral regulators","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Study on the molecular regulatory mechanism of stamen petalization in Asiatic lily","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53717-x","article-title":"Differentially expressed genes between carrot petaloid cytoplasmic male sterile and maintainer during floral development","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1080\/23802359.2021.1930597","article-title":"The complete chloroplast genome of 'Yulinglong' (Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis) with double-petaled in southeast of China","volume":"6","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA Part B"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05263-6","article-title":"Transcriptomics analyses reveal the key genes involved in stamen petaloid formation in Alcea rosea L","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12071458","article-title":"Emergence of corona is independent of the four whorls of floral organs in Narcissus tazetta","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90271-d","article-title":"Ectopic expression of the floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS in transgenic Arabidopsis plants alters floral organ identity","volume":"71","author":"Mizukami","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.159111","article-title":"Arabidopsis basic leucine-zipper transcription factors TGA9 and TGA10 interact with floral glutaredoxins ROXY1 and ROXY2 and are redundantly required for anther development","volume":"154","author":"Murmu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research progress on the formation mechanism of stamen petaloidy","volume":"36","author":"Ou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Res. Appl."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/35012103","article-title":"B and C floral organ identity functions require SEPALLATA MADS-box genes","volume":"405","author":"Pelaz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.7606\/j.issn.1000-4025.20230568","article-title":"RcAGL61 gene regulates the transition between stamens and petals and affects petal number in rose","volume":"44","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Boreali-Occident. Sin."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcm076","article-title":"Are petals sterile stamens or bracts? The origin and evolution of petals in the core eudicots","volume":"100","author":"Ronse De Craene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5511\/plantbiotechnology.11.0119a","article-title":"Induction of double flowers in Pharbitis nil using a class-C MADS-box transcription factor with Chimeric REpressor gene-Silencing Technology","volume":"28","author":"Sage-Ono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.05.001","article-title":"Identification of proteins interacting with Arabidopsis DSP1 by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry","volume":"43","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genom. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.7.8.1249","article-title":"Genetic separation of third and fourth whorl functions of AGAMOUS","volume":"7","author":"Sieburth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Mechanisms of peach bZIP transcription factor PpTGA9 regulating pollen development and salt tolerance","author":"Sun","year":"2020"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-014-0288-1","article-title":"Distinct double flower varieties in Camellia japonica exhibit both expansion and contraction of C-class gene expression","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02641","article-title":"Multi-petal cyclamen flowers produced by AGAMOUS chimeric repressor expression","volume":"3","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/35054172","article-title":"Floral quartets","volume":"409","author":"Thei\u00dfen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1023093101976","article-title":"Tobacco bZIP transcription factor TGA2.2 and related factor TGA2.1 have distinct roles in plant defense responses and plant development","volume":"44","author":"Thurow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Cloning and characterization of apple disease resistant-related genes MdTGA2.1, MdAP2D4, and MdAP2D19","author":"Tian","year":"2013"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2296(09)51010-5","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of plant defense responses","volume":"51","author":"Van Verk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Bot. Res."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Transcriptome analysis of flowers and functional studies of MYB genes of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis)","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Study on the formation mechanism of double perianth flowers in Clematis patens","author":"Xiong","year":"2019"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/346035a0","article-title":"The protein encoded by the Arabidopsis homeotic gene AGAMOUS resembles transcription factors","volume":"346","author":"Yanofsky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Identification of rice zinc finger protein OsC3H54 interacting proteins","author":"Yi","year":"2021"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"358","article-title":"Cloning, transcriptional activation activity analysis and subcellular localization of GmTGA15 gene in soybean","volume":"46","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Jilin Agric. Univ."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122245","DOI":"10.1201\/b15005","article-title":"Functional analysis of NtMYB15 from Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis in transgenic aromatic plants (Petunia hybrida and Nicotiana tabacum) regulating the colour and aroma of the flowers","volume":"237","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"832","article-title":"Research progress on the formation mechanism and genetic characteristics of double flowers","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Boreali-Occident. Sin."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"51","article-title":"Study on karyotype and Giemsa C-banding of two local varieties of Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta L. var. chinensis Roem.)","volume":"14","author":"Zhuang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fujian J. Agric. Sci."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.2016040","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1931382\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:12:06Z","timestamp":1791475926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1931382\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1931382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1931382","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"article-number":"1931382"}}