{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:15:43Z","timestamp":1788862543761,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013147","name":"Research Program of Science and Technology at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026YFHH0152, 2026YFHH0085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026YFHH0152, 2026YFHH0085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026MS1000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026MS1000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017534","name":"Inner Mongolia Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YKD2024BSQD002, ZY20243106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKD2024BSQD002, ZY20243106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017534","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Medicinal plants are critical sources of bioactive materials, yet efficient field-scale monitoring of their growth responses to water and nitrogen management remains limited. The present work evaluated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) multispectral sensing for estimating leaf area index (LAI), underground fresh weight (UFW), aboveground fresh weight (AFW), underground dry weight (UDW), and aboveground dry weight (ADW) in\n                    <jats:italic>Astragalus membranaceus<\/jats:italic>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>mongholicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Bunge) P.K.Hsiao (\n                    <jats:italic>A. membranaceus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) under 15 irrigation-nitrogen treatments spanning irrigation inputs of 15.0-30.0\u00a0mm per event and nitrogen application rates of 0\u2013450 kg N ha\u207b\u00b9. UAV imagery and ground measurements were acquired from 45 plots at 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135 days after sowing (DAS). Thirty-seven vegetation indices (VIs) were screened, and random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), back-propagation neural network (BP), genetic algorithm-optimized BP neural network (GA-BP), and decision-level fusion (DLF) models were evaluated with repeated random partitions. Growth responses were trait-dependent. W1N5 reached the peak final LAI (1.96), whereas W2N2 achieved the maximum UFW, AFW, UDW, and ADW (4363.94, 7406.00, 1354.50, and 2596.51\u00a0kg ha\u207b\u00b9, respectively). VI-trait associations changed with growth stage. GNDVI correlated most closely with LAI at 75 DAS (r = 0.78), and biomass-model performance was stronger during 90\u2013120 DAS than at 60 DAS. DLF was retained in 24 of the 30 stage-specific models. In whole-season modeling, LAI was best estimated by BNDVI input with BP (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.96; RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.01), whereas UDW was best estimated by DVI input with DLF (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.93; RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.39). Stage-adaptive feature selection increased R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    by up to 38.60%. Overall, the results indicate that UAV multispectral sensing, stage-adaptive VI screening, and ensemble learning provide a practical framework for monitoring\n                    <jats:italic>A. membranaceus<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth and supporting precision irrigation-nitrogen management in medicinal plant production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1931838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:53:43Z","timestamp":1788861223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prediction of growth parameters in the medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Bunge) P.K.Hsiao using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle multispectral measurement"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chifeng Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences","place":["Chifeng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Tianqi Han and Mongolia Pharmaceutical Co. 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