{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:07:08Z","timestamp":1789020428166,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Crops grown on coastal saline-alkali soils in China often receive excessive phosphorus (P) fertilization to overcome low P availability. However, it often leads to reduced grain zinc (Zn) concentration\u2013a critical micronutrient for human and animal health. The interactive effects of P application rates and fertilizer sources on maize (\n                    <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) yield and grain Zn accumulation under saline stress remain unclear. This study aims to identify optimal P fertilizer rates and sources to reduce the P-Zn antagonism while sustaining high yield. A three-year field experiment was conducted to test five P rates (0, 13, 26, 39, and 78\u00a0kg P ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and three P fertilizer sources including single superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Measurements included maize yield, grain and straw concentrations of P and micronutrients, soil Olsen-P, DTPA-Zn. Linear-plateau regression and structural equation modeling were used to identify optimal P management. Results showed that a yield plateau of 9.14 Mg ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    was attained at an optimal P fertilizer rate of 24.1\u00a0kg P ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , which closely matched the treatment level of 26\u00a0kg P ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . At this rate, the three-year average yield was highest with SSP, intermediate with APP, and lowest with MAP. Compared to no P supply, increasing P application rates significantly reduced grain Zn concentrations by 13.1\u201326.4% and straw Zn concentrations by 27.9\u201347.2%, even though it increased Zn harvest index. Compared to APP, SSP and MAP resulted in 8.7% and 9.7% of increase in grain Zn concentration, respectively. Structural equation modeling revealed that aboveground biomass, grain yield, soil Olsen-P, and soil pH negatively affected grain Zn concentration. At the yield plateau, grain and straw Zn concentrations were 14.1 and 9.5 mg kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively, with soil DTPA-Zn around 0.81 mg kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    . These results suggest that applying SSP at 26\u00a0kg P ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    significantly improved maize yield compared with MAP, while also maintaining higher grain Zn concentration compared to APP. The optimizing P rates and sources and rates can partially mitigate P-Zn antagonism while sustaining high maize yields in the coastal saline soil.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1937429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:33:40Z","timestamp":1789018420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing phosphate fertilizer rate and sources for enhancing yield and grain zinc of maize under saline conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize\/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-Huai Rivers Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Jinan, 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Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Jinan, China"]},{"name":"College of Agricultural and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize\/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-Huai Rivers Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenling","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, 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