{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T06:09:10Z","timestamp":1789711750164,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Peanut (\n                      <jats:italic>Arachis hypogaea<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.) is a widely planted cash and oil crop, and regional and meteorological factors, as the most critical environmental factors, play crucial roles in peanut kernel quality traits. To explore the relationship between peanut quality traits and environmental factors, this study dissected the quality traits and the genotype-by-environment interaction factors using seven varieties across multiple environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to partition the variance of kernel quality traits, correlation analysis was used to examine the associations between quality traits and environmental factors, and genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analysis was used to evaluate the association between genotypes and multiple environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ANOVA showed that environmental factors were the largest source of variance among the three quality traits. Correlation analysis showed that long sunshine duration, high accumulated temperature, and large mean daily temperature difference were beneficial to the accumulation of oil and protein. Oil content showed an overall trend of increasing with latitude; protein content performed best in the Huang-Huai-Hai and Yangtze River Basin production areas; and sucrose content showed an overall trend of decreasing with latitude and longitude. GGE analysis further showed that HY33 achieved optimal oil content with strong multi-environment stability, while HY21 had superior protein content and the most stable sucrose performance across multi-environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides theoretical guidance for adjusting planting arrangements in different regions according to different climatic conditions and peanut growing periods, which is of great significance as a guide for improving peanut quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1939285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:38:55Z","timestamp":1789709935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-environment evaluations reveal that peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) quality traits are equally determined by genotype and environment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangzhen","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuhong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut Breeding, Shandong Peanut Research Institute","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109336","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4989447","article-title":"Dynamic changes of seed development, oil accumulation and fatty acid composition in peanut under soil water deficit","volume":"219","author":"Ai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1610","article-title":"A study on genotype-environment interaction based on GGE biplot graphical method in sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L.)","volume":"8","author":"Ansarifard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01302","article-title":"Screening oat genotypes for tolerance to salinity and alkalinity","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2007.0363","article-title":"Separation of cotton cultivar testing sites based on representativeness and discriminating ability using GGE biplots","volume":"100","author":"Baxevanos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"111","article-title":"Application of grey correlation theory and regression analysis in influence of meteorological factors on spring peanut yield:Taking Guzhen country of Anhui province as an example","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Eng"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00049","article-title":"Phenotyping and genotype \u00d7 environment interaction of resistance to leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice","volume":"10","author":"Chintalapati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Impact of meteorological factors on rice growth stages and yield","volume":"28","author":"David Kulyakwave","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pertanika J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2000.4051223x","article-title":"Photoperiod effects on seed quality traits in peanut","volume":"40","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2023.109080","article-title":"Integrated effects of meteorological factors, edaphic moisture, evapotranspiration, and leaf area index on the net primary productivity of winter wheat \u2011 summer maize rotation system","volume":"302","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-009-0100-8","article-title":"Genotype by environment interactions in wheat quality breeding programs in southeast Europe","volume":"174","author":"Hristov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1016\/s2095-3119(16)61464-8","article-title":"Effects of meteorological factors on different grades of winter wheat growth in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2017.12.020","article-title":"Heat stress and yield stability of wheat genotypes under different sowing dates across agro-ecosystems in India","volume":"218","author":"Jat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2017.01.0048er","article-title":"The influence of meteorological factors on wheat and rice yields in China","volume":"58","author":"Jiayu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2011.11.023","article-title":"Classification of root distribution patterns and their contributions to yield in peanut genotypes under mid-season drought stress","volume":"127","author":"Jongrungklang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60087-2","article-title":"On-farm multi-location evaluation of genotype by environment interactions for seed yield and cooking time in common bean","volume":"10","author":"Katuuramu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12892-017-0061-0","article-title":"Adaptability and stability analysis of groundnut genotypes using AMMI model and GGE-biplot","volume":"20","author":"Kebede","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2008.09.022","article-title":"Water management and crop production for food security in China: A review","volume":"96","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"41","article-title":"Chapter two - Effect of climate change factors on processes of crop growth and development and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)","volume-title":"Advances in Agronomy","author":"Kumar","year":"2012"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.635868","article-title":"Untangling the influence of heat stress on crop phenology, seed set, seed weight, and germination in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)","volume":"12","author":"Lamichaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.9734\/cjast\/2020\/v39i1530722","article-title":"AMMI biplot analysis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes for genotype x environment interaction at four agro-ecologies in Telangana State","volume":"39","author":"Lingaiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.659874","article-title":"Harnessing sorghum landraces to breed high-yielding, grain mold-tolerant cultivars with high protein for drought-prone environments","volume":"12","author":"Nagesh Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01070","article-title":"Multienvironment testing for trait stability and G \u00d7 E interaction on N2 fixation, plant development, and water-use efficiency of 21 elite groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes in the Guinea Savanna","volume":"10","author":"Oteng-Frimpong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2025.110415","article-title":"Moderate source-reduction improves peanut yield and quality through modulating photosynthesis, source-sink equilibrium, and secondary metabolisms","volume":"229","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2007.05.024","article-title":"Principal component analysis for data containing outliers and missing elements","volume":"52","author":"Serneels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2007.05.010","article-title":"Evaluation of early to medium maturing open pollinated maize varieties in SADC region using GGE biplot based on the SREG model","volume":"103","author":"Setimela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.05.076","article-title":"Comparative study for stability and adaptability through different models in developed high thebaine lines of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)","volume":"74","author":"Shukla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1609969","article-title":"Genotype-by-environment interaction influencing sensory attributes and biochemical components of peanuts from China","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010113","article-title":"Effect of multi-year environmental and meteorological factors on the quality traits of winter durum wheat","volume":"11","author":"Vida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-008-9712-7","article-title":"Response to conventional and organic environment of thirty-six lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) varieties","volume":"163","author":"Vlachostergios","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2013.2740.2743","article-title":"Meteorological impact on peanut yield in China","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BTAIJ"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2025.109727","article-title":"Impacts of integrated meteorological and agricultural drought on global maize yields","volume":"318","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.21559","article-title":"Genotype, environment, and their interaction effects on peanut seed protein, oil, and fatty acid content variability","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-020-03170-y","article-title":"Global warming effects on climate zones for wine grape in Ningxia region, China","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15465-3","article-title":"Comprehensive climatic suitability evaluation of peanut in Huang-Huai-Hai region under the background of climate change","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239402","article-title":"Climate change impacts on global food security","volume":"341","author":"Wheeler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2001.41119x","article-title":"Interpretation of genotype \u00d7 environment interaction for winter wheat yield in Ontario","volume":"41","author":"Yan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2002.1100","article-title":"Biplot analysis of test sites and trait relations of soybean in Ontario","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-012-0102-0","article-title":"Climate change impact on China food security in 2050","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2025.108329","article-title":"Characterization of meteorological and agricultural drought for summer maize and its climatic drivers","volume":"326","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10060305","article-title":"Yield data provide new insight into the dynamic evaluation of maize\u2019s climate suitability: A case study in Jilin Province, China","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.109105","article-title":"Drought-tolerant peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties can mitigate negative impacts of climate change on yield in the Southeastern U.S","volume":"224","author":"Zhen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2022.126693","article-title":"County level calibration strategy to evaluate peanut irrigation water use under different climate change scenarios","volume":"143","author":"Zhen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1939285\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:38:56Z","timestamp":1789709936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1939285\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1939285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1939285","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"article-number":"1939285"}}