{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:20Z","timestamp":1788419780285,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Gibberellin oxidases (GAoxs) are key enzymes involved in maintaining gibberellin (GA) homeostasis and therefore play important roles in regulating plant architecture. However, the GAox genes associated with branch angle and internode elongation in tea plants (\n Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n ) remain largely uncharacterized.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In this study, 33\n CsGAox<\/jats:italic>\n genes were identified in the genome of the tea cultivar `Longjing 43' and classified into four subfamilies. Comparative genomic analysis across eight Camellia genomes was performed, and phenotypic measurements were integrated with endogenous GA quantification, transcriptome profiling, qRT-PCR analysis, and exogenous GA\u2083 treatment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Whole-genome or segmental duplication contributed substantially to the expansion of the\n CsGAox<\/jats:italic>\n family, with duplicated gene pairs in `Longjing 43' predominantly undergoing purifying selection. The levels of GA\u2081, GA\u2089, and GA\u2082\u2080 were higher in the lateral buds of the draped cultivar than in those of the upright cultivars and were positively correlated with branch angle.\n CsGA20ox4.3<\/jats:italic>\n expression was positively associated with branch angle and the levels of those GAs, whereas\n CsGA2ox5.3<\/jats:italic>\n exhibited the opposite relationships. Exogenous GA\u2083 application significantly increased branch angle and was accompanied by the upregulation of\n CsGA20ox4.3<\/jats:italic>\n and\n CsGA20ox.un3<\/jats:italic>\n and the downregulation of\n CsGA2ox5.3<\/jats:italic>\n . Integrated analyses across cultivars and developmental stages further showed that\n CsGA20ox4.3<\/jats:italic>\n and\n CsGA3ox3.3<\/jats:italic>\n were positively associated with internode elongation, whereas\n CsGA2ox1.1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n CsGA2ox5.2<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n CsGA2ox.un1<\/jats:italic>\n generally exhibited negative associations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings identify candidate\n CsGAox<\/jats:italic>\n genes associated with branch angle and internode elongation, providing a basis for future functional studies and further evaluation in tea plant architecture breeding.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1940210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:42:41Z","timestamp":1788417761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-wide identification and integrated analysis of gibberellin oxidase genes associated with branch angle and internode elongation in tea plants (Camellia sinensis)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanjia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibei","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticultural Crops Technology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuixing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Technology Promotion Center in Xianju County","place":["Taizhou, 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