{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:04:14Z","timestamp":1789365854266,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014103","name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Speed breeding (SB) can substantially shorten crop generation cycles; however, premature harvest often results in low germination percentages due to insufficient physiological maturity. In this study, the winter wheat cultivar \u2018Yannong 301\u2019 was used to optimize post-harvest treatments for early-harvested seeds. Single-factor experiments showed that 20\u201325 days after anthesis (DAA) represented a critical window during which germination percentage surged from 34.63% to 64.67% (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;\u00a00.01). The optimal drying temperature was 40\u00a0\u00b0C in the drying temperature experiment. In the drying duration experiment using seeds harvested at 30 DAA, germination percentage reached 80.00% after 5\u00a0d of drying at 40\u00a0\u00b0C. Additionally, in the moist pre-treatment experiment using seeds harvested at 30 DAA, a 4-d treatment increased germination percentage to 95.94%. Orthogonal experiment further revealed that grain-filling duration after anthesis was the most important factor affecting germination percentage, with 23 days after anthesis (DAA) as the earliest suitable harvest time. The final optimized protocol was: harvest at 23 DAA + drying at 40\u00a0\u00b0C for 2\u00a0d + moist pre-treatment at 4\u00a0\u00b0C for 2\u00a0d + 1% H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    soaking for 1\u00a0d, achieving 97.06% germination within 35\u00a0d from anthesis to the end of the germination test. This protocol represents a practical optimum under the tested conditions. Validation across 10 winter wheat cultivars showed that germination percentages ranged from 80.57% to 95.69%, significantly outperforming untreated controls. The protocol also achieved a line-based seedling emergence rate of 97.5% (195\/200) in a single seed descent (SSD) population, indicating its potential to support efficient single-seed descent advancement. This study identified grain-filling duration after anthesis as the key limiting factor for seed germination of winter wheat under SB, and established an efficient post-ripening treatment workflow that achieved high germination percentage and stable performance, providing critical technical support for large-scale breeding population construction and efficient multi-generation cycling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1940423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:39:22Z","timestamp":1789364362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of post-ripening treatments for efficient germination of early-harvested winter wheat seeds under speed breeding"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Key Laboratory of Wheat Resources Precise 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