{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:54:56Z","timestamp":1791305696219,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008722","name":"Universitat de Girona","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The mechanism of action of BP473, a BP100-derived undecalipopeptide, was characterized through the evaluation of its bactericidal activity against different\n                    <jats:italic>Xylella fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    subspecies and strains, the study of the relationship between antibacterial activity and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) interaction, the analysis of its binding to LPS by NMR spectroscopy, and the assessment of its antibiofilm activity. The effect of BP473 on pathogen cell ultrastructure and on plant defense responses was also determined. In addition, its capacity to inhibit\n                    <jats:italic>X. fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections was further assessed in\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    using three\n                    <jats:italic>X. fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    subspecies. BP473 displayed potent bactericidal activity against\n                    <jats:italic>subsp. fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>multiplex<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas lower activity was observed against\n                    <jats:italic>subsp. pauca<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In contrast, its antibiofilm activity was limited. The bactericidal activity of BP473 was significantly reduced in the presence of free LPS, while that of BP178 remained unaffected, demonstrating the interaction between BP473 and LPS. NMR studies confirmed that all BP473 residues contribute to LPS binding, with the acetyl group and the aromatic protons of Phe\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    showing the strongest interactions. Additional key binding epitopes included the\n                    <jats:italic>meta<\/jats:italic>\n                    aromatic protons of Tyr\n                    <jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\n                    and the \u03b4-CH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and \u03b3-CH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    protons of Leu\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Ile\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively. Ultrastructural analyses by SEM in STEM mode revealed that both BP473 and the fluorescently labelled derivative BP473-K(CF) caused severe membrane damage in bacterial cells, supporting a membranolytic mode of action. BP473 elicited a weak plant defense response after a two-day treatment, mainly activating early signaling components without inducing a strong salicylic acid-dependent response. Importantly, BP473 reduced\n                    <jats:italic>X. fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection\n                    <jats:italic>in planta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , although its efficacy varied among bacterial subspecies. Overall, these results indicate that BP473 acts primarily through membrane disruption and LPS binding, while providing strain-dependent protection against\n                    <jats:italic>X. fastidiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1953704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:21:40Z","timestamp":1791303700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanism of action of a bactericidal lipopeptide which targets lipopolysaccharides of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pau","family":"Caravaca-Fuentes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Pathology (CIDSAV), Institute of Agrifood Technology, University of Girona","place":["Girona, Spain"]},{"name":"LIPPSO, Institute of Agrifood Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona","place":["Girona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Riesco-Llach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIPPSO, Institute of Agrifood Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona","place":["Girona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Gasc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Pathology (CIDSAV), Institute of Agrifood Technology, University of Girona","place":["Girona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Feliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIPPSO, Institute of Agrifood Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona","place":["Girona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Planas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIPPSO, Institute of Agrifood Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona","place":["Girona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Montesinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Pathology (CIDSAV), Institute of Agrifood Technology, University of Girona","place":["Girona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-01-20-0012-A","article-title":"Complete circularized genome data of two Spanish strains of Xylella fastidiosa (IVIA5235 and IVIA5901) using hybrid assembly approaches","volume":"110","author":"Arias-Giraldo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091784","article-title":"Synthetic peptides against plant pathogenic bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Badosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01915-3","article-title":"Screening and identification of BP100 peptide conjugates active against Xylella fastidiosa using a viability-qPCR method","volume":"20","author":"Bar\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-12-19-0477-R","article-title":"Differential susceptibility of Xylella fastidiosa strains to synthetic bactericidal peptides","volume":"110","author":"Bar\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1061463","article-title":"Nicotiana benthamiana as a model plant host for Xylella fastidiosa: control of infections by transient expression and endotherapy with a bifunctional peptide","volume":"13","author":"Bar\u00f3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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