{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:57:16Z","timestamp":1790575036823,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I2119, M2282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I2119, M2282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The size, organization and dynamics of the evolution of plant genomes vary widely among and within evolutionary lineages. The relatively small genus\n                    <jats:italic>Capsicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    provides an excellent system for studying genome evolution because all the species are diploid and possess one of two base chromosome numbers (\n                    <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a012 or 13). Here, we report chromosome numbers, genome sizes, and numbers of 5S and 35S rDNA loci for 24\n                    <jats:italic>Capsicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    taxa representing eight of the nine currently recognized clades and one outgroup species,\n                    <jats:italic>Lycianthes rantonnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The size of the analyzed genomes ranged from 1.66 to 7.79 pg\/1C (approximately 4.6-fold variation) despite the complete absence of polyploidy. Ancestral state reconstruction based on a RADseq phylogeny inferred a relatively small ancestral genome size (~2.3 pg\/1C) for the most recent common ancestor of\n                    <jats:italic>Capsicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , followed by several independent genome expansions and contractions in individual lineages resulting in remarkable genome size uniformity within present-day clades. In the absence of polyploidy, the extent of genome size variation can be attributed to differences in repeatome dynamics. All taxa possessed a single 5S rDNA locus, but the number of 35S rDNA loci varied from one to 18, with signals differing in size and potentially only some loci representing active, intact coding arrays of rDNA monomers. A single major 35S rDNA locus was reconstructed as the ancestral state, followed predominantly by independent increases to two or three major active loci in different lineages. Differences in 35S rDNA loci appearance suggested that the minor signals might represent rDNA-derived tandem repeats, and that 35S rDNA monomers might have independently given rise to novel tandem repeats in different evolutionary lineages of the genus. The ancestral base chromosome number was inferred as\n                    <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a012, with two independent events of ascending dysploidy (\n                    <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a012 \u2192 13) during the diversification of two derived, non-sister clades. These findings demonstrate that the evolution of genome size and base chromosome number differs in\n                    <jats:italic>Capsicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and that major genomic changes coincided with the origin of major clades rather than with the subsequent speciation within the lineages, resulting in strong genomic uniformity within clades.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1959260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:45:02Z","timestamp":1790574302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns of base chromosome numbers, genome size and rDNA loci evolution in the genus Capsicum (Solanaceae)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Vildana","family":"Kapetanovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Carrizo Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Cordoba","place":["Cordoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Temsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemarie","family":"Benthen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Soo","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Weiss-Schneeweiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-37652301620140616","article-title":"FISH-mapping of the 5S rDNA locus in chili peppers (Capsicum-Solanaceae)","volume":"88","author":"Aguilera","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1139\/g2012-059","article-title":"Contrasting evolution of a satellite DNA and its ancestral IGS rDNA in Phaseolus (Fabaceae)","volume":"55","author":"Almeida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/phytokeys.200.71667","article-title":"Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L. Solanaceae)","volume":"200","author":"Barboza","year":"2022","journal-title":"PhytoKeys"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00991526","article-title":"Flow cytometric measurement of nuclear DNA content in Capsicum (Solanaceae)","volume":"209","author":"Belletti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Syst. Evol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-050213-035811","article-title":"The contributions of transposable elements to the structure, function, and evolution of plant genomes","volume":"65","author":"Bennetzen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x","article-title":"Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: Behavioral traits are more labile","volume":"57","author":"Blomberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19544","article-title":"The global distribution of angiosperm genome size is shaped by climate","volume":"242","author":"Bure\u0161","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1030536","article-title":"Diversification of chiles (Capsicum, Solanaceae) through time and space: New insights from genome-wide RAD-seq data","volume":"13","author":"Carrizo Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcw079","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)","volume":"118","author":"Carrizo Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48643-0","article-title":"Two telomere-to-telomere gapless genomes reveal insights into Capsicum evolution and capsaicinoid biosynthesis","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-025-04653-w","article-title":"A multidisciplinary and integrative review of the structural genome and epigenome of Capsicum L. species","volume":"261","author":"de Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6618-9","article-title":"Genome relationships and LTR-retrotransposon diversity in three cultivated Capsicum L. (Solanaceae) species","volume":"21","author":"de Assis","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-2022-0083","article-title":"Abundance of distal repetitive DNA sequences in Capsicum L. (Solanaceae) chromosomes","volume":"66","author":"de Assis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes8010002","article-title":"The genomic shock hypothesis: Genetic and epigenetic alterations of transposable elements after interspecific hybridization in plants","volume":"8","author":"de Tom\u00e1s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epigenomes"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21070844","article-title":"Capsaicin: Current understanding of its mechanisms and therapy of pain and other pre-clinical and clinical uses","volume":"21","author":"Fattori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcu189","article-title":"Evolution of genome size and chromosome number in the carnivorous plant genus Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae), with a new estimate of the minimum genome size in angiosperms","volume":"114","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2010.01455.x","article-title":"Selectivity in mammalian extinction risk and threat types: A new measure of phylogenetic signal strength in binary traits","volume":"24","author":"Fritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4601.1049","article-title":"Rapid flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle in intact plant tissues","volume":"220","author":"Galbraith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu122","article-title":"ChromEvol: Assessing the pattern of chromosome number evolution and the inference of polyploidy along a phylogeny","volume":"31","author":"Glick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031302","article-title":"The rDNA loci\u2014intersections of replication, transcription, and repair pathways","volume":"22","author":"Goffov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-7860202172071","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the 5S rDNA non-transcribed spacer and reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in Capsicum","volume":"72","author":"Grabiele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rodriguesia"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.04.060","article-title":"Highly GC-rich heterochromatin in chili peppers (Capsicum\u2013Solanaceae): A cytogenetic and molecular characterization","volume":"238","author":"Grabiele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90929-z","article-title":"rDNA intergenic region from Arabidopsis thaliana: Structural analysis, intraspecific variation and functional implications","volume":"221","author":"Gruendler","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i02","article-title":"MCMC Methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: The MCMCglmm R package","volume":"33","author":"Hadfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat. Software"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01915.x","article-title":"General quantitative genetic methods for comparative biology: Phylogenies, taxonomies and multi-trait models for continuous and categorical characters","volume":"233","author":"Hadfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm538","article-title":"GEIGER: Investigating evolutionary radiations","volume":"24","author":"Harmon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzae078","article-title":"Evolution of plant genome size and composition","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.797348","article-title":"Personal perspectives on plant ribosomal RNA genes research: From precursor-rRNA to molecular evolution","volume":"12","author":"Hemleben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1017\/S147720000700240X","article-title":"Plant highly repeated satellite DNA: Molecular evolution, distribution and use for identification of hybrids","volume":"5","author":"Hemleben","year":"2007","journal-title":"Syst. Biodivers."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390192780","article-title":"Stochastic mapping of morphological characters","volume":"52","author":"Huelsenbeck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-13-136","article-title":"Chromosomal diversification and karyotype evolution of diploids in the cytologically diverse genus Prospero (Hyacinthaceae)","volume":"13","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00433","article-title":"Multiple origins and nested cycles of hybridization result in high tetraploid diversity in the monocot Prospero","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS04446-18","article-title":"Capsicum: An abbreviated compendium","volume":"144","author":"Jarret","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2016.12.005","article-title":"Morphological and cytogenetical characterization of \u2018Dalle Khursani\u2019: A polyploid cultivated Capsicum of India","volume":"215","author":"Jha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-9-42","article-title":"Evolution of ribosomal DNA-derived satellite repeat in tomato genome","volume":"9","author":"Jo","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2010.131","article-title":"Unraveling the sequence dynamics of the formation of genus-specific satellite DNAs in the family Solanaceae","volume":"106","author":"Jo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-009-0025-z","article-title":"Localization of 5S and 25S rRNA genes on somatic and meiotic chromosomes in Capsicum species of chili pepper","volume":"27","author":"Kwon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14142136","article-title":"The dynamics of long terminal repeat retrotransposon proliferation and decay drive the evolution of genome size variation in Capsicum","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41251-4","article-title":"Genomes of cultivated and wild Capsicum species provide insights into pepper domestication and population differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00362","article-title":"Differential genome size and repetitive DNA evolution in diploid species of Melampodium sect. Melampodium (Asteraceae)","volume":"11","author":"McCann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4417","article-title":"Biotic and abiotic factors associated with genome size evolution in oaks","volume":"105","author":"Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcg105","article-title":"Analysis of nuclear DNA content in Capsicum (Solanaceae) by flow cytometry and Feulgen densitometry","volume":"92","author":"Moscone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2007.745.5","article-title":"The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum-Solanaceae): A cytogenetic perspective","volume":"745","author":"Moscone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098918","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of repeat diversity across the family Musaceae","volume":"9","author":"Nov\u00e1k","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.caper","article-title":"CAPER: Comparative analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R","volume":"3","author":"Orme","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990020311","article-title":"Flow cytometric measurement of nuclear DNA content variations as a potential in vivo mutagenicity test","volume":"2","author":"Otto","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/44766","article-title":"Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution","volume":"401","author":"Pagel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-026-02874-w","article-title":"Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.: Evolutionary history, domestication, genetic resources and future opportunities for an overlooked Andean crop","volume":"73","author":"Palombo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Genet. Resour. Crop Ev."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633","article-title":"Ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R","volume":"35","author":"Paradis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04851.x","article-title":"Evolution of the large genome in Capsicum annuum occurred through accumulation of single-type long terminal repeat retrotransposons and their derivatives","volume":"69","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2010.01072.x","article-title":"The largest eukaryotic genome of them all","volume":"164","author":"Pellicer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bot. J. Linn. Soc"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020088","article-title":"Genome size diversity and its impact on the evolution of land plants","volume":"9","author":"Pellicer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu181","article-title":"Geiger v2.0: an expanded suite of methods for fitting macroevolutionary models to phylogenetic trees","volume":"30","author":"Pennell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.71.275","article-title":"A meiotic study of the wild and semi-domesticated Brazilian species of genus Capsicum L. (Solanaceae)","volume":"71","author":"Pozzobon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytologia"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2006.00503.x","article-title":"Chromosome numbers in wild and semidomesticated Brazilian Capsicum L. (Solanaceae) species: Do x = 12 and x = 13 represent two evolutionary lines","volume":"151","author":"Pozzobon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bot. J. Linn. Soc"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00169.x","article-title":"Phytools: An R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things)","volume":"3","author":"Revell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1159\/000440930","article-title":"Non-Random distribution of 5S rDNA sites and its association with 45S rDNA in plant chromosomes","volume":"146","author":"Roa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"B58","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2026"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/11263504.2015.1103798","article-title":"Cytogenetic markers for the characterization of Capsicum annuum L. cultivars","volume":"151","author":"Romero-da Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.788911","article-title":"The Nuclear 35S rDNA world in plant systematics and evolution: A primer of cautions and common misconceptions in cytogenetic studies","volume":"13","author":"Rossell\u00f3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-021-03598-0","article-title":"Large vs small genomes in Passiflora: The influence of the mobilome and the satellitome","volume":"253","author":"Sader","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-018-9599-7","article-title":"Ribosomal DNA instability and genome adaptability","volume":"27","author":"Salim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chromosome Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/11263504.2023.2166619","article-title":"Cytogenetic characterization and chromosome evolution of the striking tropical Andean species of Capsicum (Solanaceae)","volume":"157","author":"Scaldaferro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-012-9867-x","article-title":"Heterochromatin type, amount and distribution in wild species of chili peppers (Capsicum-Solanaceae)","volume":"60","author":"Scaldaferro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Res. Crop Evol."},{"key":"B65","first-page":"57","article-title":"Cytology and DNA content variation of Capsicum genomes","volume-title":"Compendium of Plant Genomes","author":"Scaldaferro","year":"2019"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-2015-0099","article-title":"FISH and AgNor-mapping of the 45S and 5S rRNA genes in wild and cultivated Capsicum species (Solanaceae)","volume":"59","author":"Scaldaferro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"B67","first-page":"63","article-title":"Genome size in liverworts","volume":"82","author":"Temsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Preslia"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26667-z","article-title":"Rapid and efficient FISH using pre-labeled oligomer probes","volume":"8","author":"Waminal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-023-00634-5","article-title":"Intragenomic rDNA variation - the product of concerted evolution, mutation, or something in between","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3226-0_16","article-title":"Formamide-free genomic in situ hybridization (ff-GISH)","volume-title":"Plant Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics","author":"Weiss-Schneeweiss","year":"2023"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102857","article-title":"Polyploid genome evolution across land plants: Progress and perspectives","volume":"90","author":"Weiss-Schneeweiss","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-182","article-title":"Chromosomal evolution in the plant family Solanaceae","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12628","article-title":"GGTREE: an R package for visualization and annotation of phylogenetic trees with their covariates and other associated data","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01905-1","article-title":"Transposon proliferation drives genome architecture and regulatory evolution in wild and domesticated peppers","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1959260\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:45:04Z","timestamp":1790574304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1959260\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1959260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1959260","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"article-number":"1959260"}}