{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:57:14Z","timestamp":1790575034816,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1) proteins are conserved adaptor components of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that connect F-box proteins with the CULLIN1 scaffold. Although SKP1-mediated regulation is essential for diverse plant processes, the evolutionary diversification and regulatory specialization of SKP1 family members in grapevine remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, genome-wide identification, structural characterization, phylogenetic analysis, promoter analysis, transcriptome profiling, and subcellular localization assays were integrated to investigate the diversification of the grapevine SKP1 family.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eleven VvSKP1 genes were identified in\n                      <jats:italic>Vitis vinifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      and characterized at structural, evolutionary, regulatory, and expression levels. Although individual VvSKP1 members displayed differences in protein architecture and evolutionary relationships, most retained conserved SKP1-like motifs and structural features, indicating preservation of a common molecular framework. Phylogenetic analysis across eight representative angiosperms revealed three major SKP1 lineages and suggested lineage-specific diversification among retained family members. Promoter analyses revealed distinct transcription factor-binding landscapes among VvSKP1 genes, and grapevine TF DAP-seq datasets identified potential MYB-associated regulation of specific members. Transcriptome analyses across diverse grapevine tissues and floral organs revealed expression specialization among VvSKP1 genes, with VvSKP1\u20139 and VvSKP1\u201311 showing preferential expression in anther-associated tissues. Despite evolutionary and regulatory divergence, all tested VvSKP1 proteins predominantly localized to the nucleus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings reveal a conserved structural framework underlying the grapevine SKP1 family while highlighting diversification in evolutionary relationships, promoter regulatory potential, and tissue-associated expression patterns. This study provides a comprehensive resource for understanding SKP1 family diversification and establishes candidate VvSKP1 members for future functional studies of SCF ubiquitin ligase complexes in grapevine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1975054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:44:45Z","timestamp":1790574285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A conserved structural framework accompanies evolutionary divergence and expression specialization in the grapevine SKP1 family"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Efficient Utilization of Horticultural Crops","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Yun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Efficient Utilization of Horticultural Crops","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuangwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Efficient Utilization of Horticultural Crops","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Efficient Utilization of Horticultural Crops","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Shen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xicheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Efficient Utilization of Horticultural Crops","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17071","article-title":"SCF(SNIPER7) controls protein turnover of unfoldase CDC48A to promote plant immunity","volume":"229","author":"Ao","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W39","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv416","article-title":"The MEME suite","volume":"43","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050984","article-title":"The SKP1-like gene family of Arabidopsis exhibits a high degree of differential gene expression and gene product interaction during development","volume":"7","author":"Dezfulian","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303836120","article-title":"Dynamics of cis-regulatory sequences and transcriptional divergence of duplicated genes in soybean","volume":"120","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. 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