{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:56:13Z","timestamp":1792788973459,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","funder":[{"name":"Economy and Employment of the Princedom of Asturias","award":["GRUPIN 14-053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRUPIN 14-053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T08:06:39Z","timestamp":1474445199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Diagnosis: An Activation-Executive Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"07","author":[{"given":"Celestino","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisol","family":"Cueli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Areces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pienda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"509","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n y control de la activaci\u00f3n cortical en el d\u00e9ficit de atenci\u00f3n sostenida.","volume":"8","author":"\u00c1lvarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B2","author":"American Psychiatric and Association [APA]","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","author":"American Psychiatric and Association [APA]","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12618-009-0023-2","article-title":"ADHD and family functioning.","volume":"1","author":"Anastopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Atten. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"B5","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2009","journal-title":"SPSS (Version 22.0) [Computer Program]."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940904000311","article-title":"Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis.","volume":"40","author":"Arns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710369667","article-title":"Coexisting disorders and academic achievement among children with ADHD.","volume":"15","author":"Barnard-Brak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"B8","author":"Bentler","year":"1995","journal-title":"EQS Structural Equations Program Manual."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.02.014","article-title":"Neuroanatomical and neuropsychological correlates of the cerebellum in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder\u2013combined type.","volume":"50","author":"Bledsoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"ADHD Handbook for Children and Adults."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2014.02.002","article-title":"Neural activation during response inhibition in adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: preliminary findings on the effects of medication and symptom severity.","volume":"222","author":"Congdon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J184v07n03_01","article-title":"Parametric and non-parametric analysis of QEEG: normative database comparisons in electroencephalography, a simulation study on accuracy.","volume":"7","author":"Congedo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11101521","article-title":"Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies.","volume":"169","author":"Cortese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.04.007","article-title":"Are view of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention.","volume":"48","author":"Cubillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.11.011","article-title":"12:38 19\/11\/2014 Symptom-correlated brain regions in young adults with combined-type ADHD: their organization, variability, and relation to behavioral performance.","volume":"182","author":"Depue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S66466","article-title":"Self-reported efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in a clinical randomized controlled study of ADHD children and adolescents.","volume":"10","author":"Duric","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.6.1061","article-title":"Neural substrates of decision making in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"160","author":"Ernst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","author":"Farr\u00e9","year":"1997","journal-title":"Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Scales (E.D.A.H)."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"269","article-title":"Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling","author":"Finney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course,"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194070400010401","article-title":"ADHD and achievement: meta-analysis of the child, adolescent, and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students.","volume":"40","author":"Frazier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022353731579","article-title":"Neurofeedback treatment for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children: a comparison with methylphenidate.","volume":"28","author":"Fuchs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-015-9299-4","article-title":"Efficacy of neurofeedback versus pharmacological support in subjects with ADHD.","volume":"41","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2014.10.003","article-title":"Anxiety and selective attention differences in ADHD subtypes.","volume":"15","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1697-2600(13)70013-9","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, differential diagnosis with blood oxygenation, beta\/theta ratio, and attention measures.","volume":"13","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Castro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01105.x","article-title":"Developmental normative data on the Test of Variables of Attention (T.O.V.A.).","volume":"34","author":"Greenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054706294101","article-title":"Atypical brain activation during simple & complex levels of processing in adult ADHD: an fMRI study.","volume":"11","author":"Hale","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.277","article-title":"Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder exploring task-specific, Stimulant medication, and age effects.","volume":"70","author":"Hart","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.05.006","article-title":"Neurofeedback for ADHD: a review of current evidence.","volume":"23","author":"Holtmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/13803611.2013.767624","article-title":"Assessing statistical aspects of test fairness in structural equation modeling.","volume":"19","author":"Kline","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Eval."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1300\/J184v11n02_02","article-title":"Changes in EEG spectrograms, event-related potentials and event-related desynchronization induced by relative beta training in ADHD children.","volume":"11","author":"Kropotov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.08.004","article-title":"The increase in theta\/beta ratio on resting-state EEG in boys with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder is mediated by slow alpha peak frequency.","volume":"35","author":"Lansbergen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(00)00019-6","article-title":"Mean response times, variability, and skew in the responding of ADHD children: a response time distributional approach.","volume":"104","author":"Leth-Steensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.66.082602.092845","article-title":"Interpreting the BOLD signal.","volume":"66","author":"Logothetis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01712768","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training for ADHD in a clinical settings as measured by changes in TOVA scores, behavioral ratings, and WISK-R performance.","volume":"20","author":"Lubar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self Regul."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.023","article-title":"Differential oscillatory electroencephalogram between attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder subtypes and typically developing adolescents.","volume":"76","author":"Mazaheri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-005-4305-x","article-title":"Electroencephalographic biofeedback in the treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"30","author":"Monastra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01412-9","article-title":"Smaller prefrontral and premotor volumes in boys with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"52","author":"Mostofsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018010","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on ADHD symptom dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis.","volume":"119","author":"Nikolas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2014.05.012","article-title":"Brain activity in predominantly-inattentive subtype attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder during an auditory oddball attention task.","volume":"223","author":"Orinstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1300\/J184v08n02_02","article-title":"Neurofeedback for elementary students with identified learning problems\u2019.","volume":"8","author":"Orlando","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"244","article-title":"EEG biofeedback: an emerging model for its global efficacy","author":"Othmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback,"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2014.07.010","article-title":"Trait anxiety effects in the attentional functions of children with ADHD compared with peers.","volume":"36","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-004-0383-4","article-title":"The effectiveness of neurofeedback and stimulant drugs in treating AD\/HD: part II. Replication.","volume":"29","author":"Rossiter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.30","article-title":"Methylphenidate normalizes fronto-striatal underactivation during interference inhibition in medication-na\u00efve boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"36","author":"Rubia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"337","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in teenagers: appraisal of the EDAH (a) scale.","volume":"51","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.02.005","article-title":"Diminished prefrontal oxygenation with normal and above-average verbal fluency performance in adult ADHD.","volume":"43","author":"Schecklmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-008-9223-0","article-title":"Associations between family environment, parenting practices, and executive functioning of children with and without ADHD.","volume":"18","author":"Schroeder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3686","article-title":"Anxiety in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"133","author":"Sciberras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00014","article-title":"Diagnostic interview schedule for children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions and reliability of some common diagnoses.","volume":"39","author":"Shaffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0299-5","article-title":"Variations in prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder world wide.","volume":"166","author":"Skounti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2008.00289.x","article-title":"Event-related fMRI of inhibitory control in the predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD.","volume":"19","author":"Solanto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14842-8","article-title":"Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.","volume":"362","author":"Sowell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"7","article-title":"Biological bases of ADHD\u2014Neuroanatomy, genetics, and pathophysiology","author":"Swanson","year":"2002","journal-title":"ADHD State of the Science, Best Practices,"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022213731956","article-title":"Neurofeedback combined with training in metacognitive strategies: effectiveness in students with ADD.","volume":"23","author":"Thompson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"169","article-title":"Hemoencephalography: photon-based blood flow neurofeedback","author":"Toomim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback: Advanced Theory and Applications,"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1300\/J184v08n03_02","article-title":"Intentional increase of cerebral blood oxygenation using hemoencephalography: an efficient brain exercise therapy.","volume":"8","author":"Toomim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-013-0361-2","article-title":"Increased prefrontal oxygenation realated to distractor-resistant working memory in children with attention-deficity\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).","volume":"44","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B58","author":"Wechsler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intelligence Scales Wechsler (WISC-IV),"},{"key":"B59","first-page":"56","article-title":"Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies","author":"West","year":"1995","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications,"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027347","article-title":"Validity of DSM-IV attention d\u00e9ficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes.","volume":"121","author":"Willcutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"120","article-title":"Revising the declaration of Helsinki.","volume":"54","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Med. J."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T19:20:09Z","timestamp":1498332009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01406\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01406","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]]}}}