{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:27:35Z","timestamp":1792542455498,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,9]],"date-time":"2016-11-09T22:05:54Z","timestamp":1478729154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["A Review about Functional Illiteracy: Definition, Cognitive, Linguistic, and Numerical Aspects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"R\u00e9ka","family":"V\u00e1gv\u00f6lgyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andra","family":"Coldea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Dresler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Schrader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Christoph","family":"Nuerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Abadzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adult Literacy: A Review of Implementation Experience."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.10.233","article-title":"Working memory and study skills: a comparison between dyslexic and non-dyslexic adult learners.","volume":"97","author":"Abd Ghani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B3","author":"Aker","year":"2010","journal-title":"ABC, 123: The Impact of a Mobile Phone Literacy Program on Educational Outcomes."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(89)90015-8","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment in illiterates: visuospatial and memory abilities.","volume":"11","author":"Ardila","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-013-9428-5","article-title":"The cognitive profile of adult dyslexics and its relation to their reading abilities.","volume":"26","author":"Beidas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/00207450903275129","article-title":"Working memory deficit in dyslexia: behavioral and fMRI evidence.","volume":"120","author":"Beneventi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","author":"Bhola","year":"1995"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.403","article-title":"Single-digit arithmetic in children with dyslexia.","volume":"16","author":"Boets","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.005","article-title":"Characteristics of cognitive deficits and writing skills of Polish adults with developmental dyslexia.","volume":"93","author":"Bogdanowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"issue":"154","key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-154","article-title":"Training-related changes in early visual processing of functionally illiterate adults: evidence from event-related brain potentials.","volume":"14","author":"Boltzmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.33225\/pec\/13.51.33","article-title":"Learning to read in adulthood: an evaluation of a literacy program for functionally illiterate adults in Germany.","volume":"51","author":"Boltzmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Probl. Educ. 21 Century"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707070440","article-title":"The impact of reading and writing skills on a visuo-motor integration task: a comparison between illiterate and literate subjects.","volume":"13","author":"Bram\u00e3o","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.420","article-title":"Striking the right balance: motor difficulties in children and adults with dyslexia.","volume":"16","author":"Brookes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00046-5","article-title":"Executive functioning in adults and children with developmental dyslexia.","volume":"40","author":"Brosnan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-004-0006-z","article-title":"Morphological awareness in developmental dyslexia.","volume":"54","author":"Casalis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1053","article-title":"The illiterate brain: learning to read and write during childhood influences the functional organization of the adult brain.","volume":"121","author":"Castro-Caldas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.01.006","article-title":"Vocabulary skills are well developed in university students with dyslexia: evidence from multiple case studies.","volume":"5","author":"Cavalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.392","article-title":"Cognitive profiles of chinese adolescents with dyslexia.","volume":"16","author":"Chung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B19","author":"Cree","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Economic & Social Cost of Illiteracy: a Snapshot of Illiteracy in a Global Context."},{"key":"B20","author":"CTB\/McGraw-Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Discover TABE 9&10."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.06.011","article-title":"Constructional functions and figure copying in illiterates or low-schooled Hispanics.","volume":"20","author":"Dansilio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2001.2637","article-title":"Reading words and pseudowords: an eye movement study of developmental dyslexia.","volume":"80","author":"De Luca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.018","article-title":"Phonological processing and arithmetic fact retrieval: evidence from developmental dyslexia.","volume":"48","author":"De Smedt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2013.06.001","article-title":"How do symbolic and non-symbolic numerical magnitude processing skills relate to individual differences in children\u2019s mathematical skills? A review of evidence from brain and behavior.","volume":"2","author":"De Smedt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci. Educ."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"83","article-title":"Towards an anatomical and functional model of number processing.","volume":"1","author":"Dehaene","year":"1995","journal-title":"Math. Cogn."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012666055-5\/50026-5","article-title":"\u201cLevels of representation in number processing,\u201d in","author":"Dehaene","year":"1998","journal-title":"Handbook of Neurolinguistics"},{"issue":"295","key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00295","article-title":"Methodological aspects to be considered when measuring the approximate number system (ANS) \u2013 a research review.","volume":"6","author":"Dietrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"11","article-title":"\u201cFunktionaler Analphabetismus: eine aktuelle Definition,\u201d in","author":"Egloff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zielgruppen in Alphabetisierung und Grundbildung Erwachsener. Bestimmung, Verortung, Ansprache"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"3","article-title":"L\u2032examen psycholinguistique et neuropsychologique de personnes en situation d\u2032illettrisme.","volume":"16","author":"Eme","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1746","article-title":"Cognitive and psycholinguistic skills of adults who are functionally illiterate: current state of research and implications for adult education.","volume":"25","author":"Eme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/08-0092)","article-title":"Oral narrative skills in french adults who are functionally illiterate: linguistic features and discourse organization.","volume":"53","author":"Eme","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2011.01508.x","article-title":"Word reading and word spelling in French adult literacy students: the relationship with oral language skills.","volume":"37","author":"Eme","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Read."},{"key":"B33","author":"European Commission","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compulsory Education in Europe 2014\/15. Eurydice \u2013 Facts and Figures."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.342","article-title":"Profiles of strengths and weaknesses in dyslexia and other learning difficulties.","volume":"14","author":"Everatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090900","article-title":"Dyslexia: the evolution of a scientific concept.","volume":"15","author":"Fletcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"124","article-title":"\u201cTales from the field: the struggles and challenges of conducting ethical and quality research in the field of adult literacy,\u201d in","author":"Greenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toward Defining and Improving Quality in Adult Basic Education"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.2.262","article-title":"Are word-reading processes the same or different in adult literacy students and third-fifth graders matched for reading level?","volume":"89","author":"Greenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-012-9401-8","article-title":"Persisters and nonpersisters: identifying the characteristics of who stays and who leaves from adult literacy interventions.","volume":"26","author":"Greenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"B39","author":"Grosche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analphabetismus und Lese-Rechtschreib-Schw\u00e4chen."},{"key":"B40","author":"Grotl\u00fcschen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Literalit\u00e4tsentwicklung von Arbeitskr\u00e4ften."},{"key":"B41","author":"Grotl\u00fcschen","year":"2011a","journal-title":"leo. \u2013 Level One Study."},{"key":"B42","author":"Grotl\u00fcschen","year":"2011b","journal-title":"leo. \u2013 Level-One Studie. Literalit\u00e4t von Erwachsenen auf den Unteren Kompetenzniveaus In Presseheft."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"55","article-title":"\u201cFunctional illiteracy in Germany,\u201d in","author":"Grotl\u00fcschen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lifelong Learning and Governance. From Programming to Action \u2013 Selected Experiences from Asia and Europe"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52891-9.00023-3","article-title":"\u201cDyslexia,\u201d in","author":"Habib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Part I"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012682","article-title":"Developmental change in the acuity of the \u201cNumber Sense\u201d: the approximate number system in 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds and adults.","volume":"44","author":"Halberda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1348\/000709902158801","article-title":"Cognitive assessment of dyslexic students in higher education.","volume":"72","author":"Hatcher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12092","article-title":"How literacy acquisition affects the illiterate mind \u2013 a critical examination of theories and evidence.","volume":"8","author":"Huettig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lang. Linguist. Compass"},{"key":"B48","author":"Infante","year":"2000","journal-title":"Functional Literacy in Seven Latin American Countries."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2553","article-title":"Language deficits in dyslexic children: speech perception, phonology, and morphology.","volume":"77","author":"Joanisse","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70208-9","article-title":"Lexical processing in illiteracy: effect of literacy or education?","volume":"42","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704106036","article-title":"Semantic and phonological processing in illiteracy.","volume":"10","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr063","article-title":"Literacy versus formal schooling: influence on working memory.","volume":"26","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.03.006","article-title":"Dyslexia and dyscalculia: two learning disorders with different cognitive profiles.","volume":"103","author":"Landerl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4236\/ijis.2011.12003","article-title":"Dissociating improvement of attention and intelligence during written language acquisition in adults.","volume":"1","author":"Landgraf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1495","article-title":"Morphological awareness and its role in compensation in adults with dyslexia.","volume":"21","author":"Law","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2010.09.003","article-title":"Rise time perception and detection of syllable stress in adults with developmental dyslexia.","volume":"64","author":"Leong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A definition of dyslexia.","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000094","article-title":"Rethinking the implications of numerical ratio effects for understanding the development of representational precision and numerical processing across formats.","volume":"144","author":"Lyons","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409359342","article-title":"Reading component skills of learners in adult basic education.","volume":"43","author":"MacArthur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2006.04.003","article-title":"The effect of word length on lexical decision in dyslexic and normal reading children.","volume":"98","author":"Martens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"B61","author":"Martinez","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Social and Economic Impact of Illiteracy. Analytical Model and Pilot Study."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-010-0307-2","article-title":"Two-digit number processing \u2013 holistic, decomposed or hybrid? A computational modelling approach.","volume":"75","author":"Moeller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.02.006","article-title":"Children\u2019s early mental number line: logarithmic or rather decomposed linear?","volume":"103","author":"Moeller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(79)90020-9","article-title":"Does awareness of speech as a sequence of phones arise spontaneously?","volume":"7","author":"Morais","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"31","article-title":"\u201cFamilienorientierte grundbildung im sozialraum als schl\u00fcsselstrategie zur breiten teilhabe an literalit\u00e4t,\u201d in","author":"Nickel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Literalit\u00e4t, Grundbildung oder Lesekompetenz? Beitr\u00e4ge zu einer Theorie-Praxis-Diskussion"},{"issue":"215","key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00215","article-title":"How space-number associations may be created in preliterate children: six distinct mechanisms.","volume":"6","author":"Nuerk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264204256-en","author":"OECD","year":"2013","journal-title":"OECD Skills Outlook 2013. First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills."},{"key":"B68","author":"OECD and Statistics Canada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Literacy in the Information Age. Final Report of the International Adult Literacy Survey."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617799555045","article-title":"NEUROPSI: a brief neuropsychological test battery in Spanish with norms by age and educational level.","volume":"5","author":"Ostrosky-Solis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562147","article-title":"Language processing modulated by literacy: a network analysis of verbal repetition in literate and illiterate subjects.","volume":"12","author":"Petersson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg076","article-title":"Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults.","volume":"126","author":"Ramus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561779700444X","article-title":"Illiteracy: a cause of biased cognitive development.","volume":"3","author":"Reis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2005.09.012","article-title":"Color makes a difference: two-dimensional object naming in literate and illiterate subjects.","volume":"60","author":"Reis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an1004_1","article-title":"A sociodemographic and neuropsychological characterization of an illiterate population.","volume":"10","author":"Reis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40498-6_15","article-title":"Frequent words improve readability and short words improve understandability for people with dyslexia.","volume":"8120","author":"Rello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lecture Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn092","article-title":"Functional MRI of sentence comprehension in children with dyslexia: beyond word recognition.","volume":"19","author":"Rimrodt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-228X.2011.01135.x","article-title":"Influence of verbal working memory depends on vocabulary: oral reading fluency in adolescents with dyslexia.","volume":"6","author":"Rose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mind Brain Educ."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(90)90020-O","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment in illiterates II.: language and Praxic Abilities.","volume":"12","author":"Rosselli","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"issue":"52","key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-8-52","article-title":"Semantic, syntactic, and phonological processing of written language in adult developmental dyslexic readers: an event-related brain potential study.","volume":"8","author":"R\u00fcsseler","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B80","first-page":"237","article-title":"Evaluation eines neuen trainingsprogramms zur verbesserung der lese- und rechtschreibf\u00e4higkeiten funktionaler analphabeten.","volume":"3","author":"R\u00fcsseler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Empirische Sonderp\u00e4dagogik"},{"key":"B81","first-page":"11","article-title":"\u201cBasale wahrnehmungsf\u00e4higkeiten von erwachsenen funktionalen analphabeten und analphabetinnen,\u201d in","author":"R\u00fcsseler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lernprozesse in Alphabetisierung und Grundbildung Erwachsener. Diagnostik, Vermittlung, Professionalisierung"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2012.33056","article-title":"\u201cAlpha Plus\u201d: an innovative training program for reading and writing education of functionally illiterate adults.","volume":"3","author":"R\u00fcsseler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Creat. Educ."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2007.10.004","article-title":"Evaluation of adult literacy education in the United States: a review of methodological issues.","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.02438","article-title":"The development of numerical estimation: evidence for multiple representations of numerical quantity.","volume":"14","author":"Siegler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Literacy: exploring working memory system.","volume":"1","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.312","article-title":"Arithmetic abilities of adults with dyslexia.","volume":"12","author":"Simmons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.03.001","article-title":"Executive functions in adults with developmental dyslexia.","volume":"53","author":"Smith-Spark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"B88","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Learning a Living. First Results of the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-014-0092-5","article-title":"Orthographic learning in dyslexic Spanish children.","volume":"64","author":"Suarez-Coalla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.38.2.4","article-title":"A comparison of the factors affecting reading performance of functional illiterate adults and children matched by reading level.","volume":"38","author":"Thompkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Read. Res. Q."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/221351213600","volume":"26","author":"Thorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Adult Literacy and Basic Skills Surveys in the OECD Region. OECD Education Working Papers"},{"key":"B92","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"UNESCO","year":"1978","journal-title":"Records of the General Conference. 20th Session"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"135","article-title":"\u201cWhy Literacy Matters,\u201d in","author":"UNESCO","year":"2006","journal-title":"Education for All. Literacy for Life"},{"key":"B94","author":"UNESCO","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Next Generation of Literacy Statistics: Implementing the LITERACY ASSESSMENT and Monitoring Programme (LAMP)."},{"key":"B95","author":"UNESCO","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schooling for Millions of Children Jeopardized by Reductions in Aid. Education for All Global Monitoring Report."},{"key":"B96","author":"UNESCO","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adult and Youth Literacy. UIS Fact Sheet."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1075\/itl.165.2.04vaj","article-title":"Readability assessment for text simplification: from analyzing documents to identifying sentential simplifications.","volume":"165","author":"Vajjala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Linguist."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.284","article-title":"The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental dyslexia: review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Valdois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70540-6_103","article-title":"\u201cCognitive abilities of functionally illiterate persons relevant to ICT use,\u201d in","author":"Van Linden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Computers Helping People with Special Needs"},{"issue":"120","key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00120","article-title":"Executive functions in developmental dyslexia.","volume":"8","author":"Varvara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00483.x","article-title":"The role of sensorimotor impairments in dyslexia: a multiple case study of dyslexic children.","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2008.01.003","article-title":"Naming speed in dyslexia and dyscalculia.","volume":"18","author":"Willburger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413477476","article-title":"Comorbidity between reading disability and math disability: concurrent psychopathology, Functional Impairment, and Neuropsychological Functioning.","volume":"46","author":"Willcutt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2014.11.017","article-title":"Dyscalculia and dyslexia in adults: cognitive bases of comorbidity.","volume":"37","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-009-0028-7","article-title":"Sentence comprehension in young adults with developmental dyslexia.","volume":"59","author":"Wiseheart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.00983.x","article-title":"Rapid processing of letters, digits and symbols: what purely visual-attentional deficit in developmental dyslexia?","volume":"13","author":"Ziegler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"issue":"e99337","key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099337","article-title":"New insights on developmental dyslexia subtypes: heterogeneity of mixed reading profiles.","volume":"9","author":"Zoubrinetzky","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01617\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T09:39:04Z","timestamp":1718876344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01617\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]]},"references-count":107,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01617","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]]}}}