{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:23:33Z","timestamp":1792160613908,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]],"date-time":"2017-09-25T00:26:53Z","timestamp":1506299213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Rumination as a Mediator between Childhood Trauma and Adulthood Depression\/Anxiety in Non-clinical Participants"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ji S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min J.","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wookyoung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang W.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.03.046","article-title":"Affective lability in patients with bipolar disorders is associated with high levels of childhood trauma","volume":"218","author":"Aas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003081","article-title":"Affective lability mediates the association between childhood trauma and suicide attempts, mixed episodes and co-morbid anxiety disorders in bipolar disorders","volume":"47","author":"Aas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.10.028","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the affective lability scale (54 and 18-item version) in patients with bipolar disorder, first-degree relatives, and healthy controls","volume":"172","author":"Aas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"831","article-title":"Behavioural consequences of child abuse","volume":"59","author":"Al Odhayani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294272","article-title":"AMOS-Analysis of moment strumctures","volume":"59","author":"Arbuckle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: a Retrospective Self-report Manual","author":"Bernstein","year":"1998"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.12.013","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood","volume":"82","author":"Chapman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.16","article-title":"The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"1","author":"Curran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00193-1","article-title":"Stages of change in anxiety: psychometric properties of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) scale","volume":"42","author":"Dozois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611970319","volume-title":"The Jackknife, the Bootstrap and Other Resampling Plans","author":"Efron","year":"1982"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0154-5","article-title":"Executive functions, impulsivity, and inhibitory control in adolescents: a structural equation model","volume":"10","author":"Fino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480802514366","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the swedish version of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form (CTQ-SF)","volume":"63","author":"Gerdner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.07.021","article-title":"Post-stress rumination predicts HPA axis responses to repeated acute stress","volume":"49","author":"Gianferante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005586519986","article-title":"History of childhood maltreatment, negative cognitive styles, and episodes of depression in adulthood","volume":"25","author":"Gibb","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"14","article-title":"EARLY LIFE STRESS AND DEPRESSION Childhood trauma may lead to neurobiologically unique mood disorders","volume":"4","author":"Gillespie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02617.x","article-title":"Origins of ruminative thought: trauma, incompleteness, nondisclosure, and supression","volume":"25","author":"Gold","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87118","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087118","article-title":"Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) in Brazilian samples of different age groups: findings from confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"9","author":"Grassi-Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023667","article-title":"Hooked on a feeling: rumination about positive and negative emotion in inter-episode bipolar disorder","volume":"120","author":"Gruber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Korean adaptation of Spielberger's STAI (K-STAI)","volume":"1","author":"Hahn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Korean J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis 7th Edn","author":"Hair","year":"2010"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-005-9631-z","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: prospective tests of attachment, cognitive vulnerability, and stressas mediating processes","volume":"29","author":"Hankin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198909)45:5<;786::AID-JCLP2270450515>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"The affective lability scales: development, reliability, and validity","volume":"45","author":"Harvey","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300506","article-title":"Discovering endophenotypes for major depression","volume":"29","author":"Hasler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300397","article-title":"Importance of studying the contributions of early adverse experience to neurobiological findings in depression","volume":"29","author":"Heim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.11.008","article-title":"The roles of peritraumatic dissociation, child physical abuse, and child sexual abuse in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder and adult victimization","volume":"29","author":"Hetzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.03.050","article-title":"Emotion regulation mediates the effect of childhood trauma on depression","volume":"198","author":"Hopfinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.2.351","article-title":"Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted?","volume":"112","author":"Hu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2013.03.019","article-title":"Gender differences in rumination: a meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80072-3","article-title":"Cognitive mediation of childhood maltreatment and adult depression in recent crime victims","volume":"36","author":"Kaysen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170400265X","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse, stressful life events and risk for major depression in women","volume":"34","author":"Kendler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"\u201cPrevalence and Consequences of Child Victimization","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2000"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2011.8.4.305","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the korean version of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form for psychiatric outpatients","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Invest."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.01.013","article-title":"Influence of interactions between genes and childhood trauma on refractoriness in psychiatric disorders","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"69","article-title":"A study based on the standardization of the STAI for Korea","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"1978","journal-title":"Recent Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15842\/kjcp.2010.29.1.001","article-title":"The validation for Korean version of ruminative response scale","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"133","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of Korean-Ruminative Response Scale(K-RRS) in patients with depressive disorders","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther. Korea"},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling 3rd Edn.","author":"Kline","year":"2011"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295495","article-title":"[The German version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ): psychometric characteristics in a representative sample of the general population]","volume":"62","author":"Klinitzke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0388-z","article-title":"Gender differences in depression and anxiety across the adult lifespan: the role of psychosocial mediators","volume":"43","author":"Leach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e288","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.60","article-title":"Interaction between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and traumatic childhood events predicts depression","volume":"3","author":"Lok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","article-title":"Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling","volume":"1","author":"MacCallum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0470861665","volume-title":"Depressive Disorder.","author":"Maj","year":"2002"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.02.004","article-title":"Health anxiety, rumination, and negative affect: a mediational analysis","volume":"64","author":"Marcus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/57.3.519","article-title":"Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications","volume":"57","author":"Mardia","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.11.024","article-title":"Affective instability, childhood trauma and major affective disorders","volume":"190","author":"Marwaha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020335","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Nanni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.4.569","article-title":"Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes","volume":"100","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.3.504","article-title":"The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety\/depressive symptoms","volume":"109","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B51","volume-title":"The Response Styles Theory","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2004"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109","article-title":"Emotion regulation and psychopathology: the role of gender","volume":"8","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.1061","article-title":"Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms","volume":"77","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking Rumination","volume":"3","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2014-1641","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and influence of childhood trauma on the prodrome of bipolar disorder","volume":"37","author":"Noto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00256-3","article-title":"Stability of retrospective self-reports of child abuse and neglect before and after therapy for child abuse issues","volume":"25","author":"Paivio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90397-8","article-title":"Disclosure of traumas and psychosomatic processes","volume":"26","author":"Pennebaker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206553","article-title":"SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models","volume":"36","author":"Preacher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20447","article-title":"On the mediating role of subtypes of rumination in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressed mood: brooding versus reflection, Depress","volume":"25","author":"Raes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anxiety"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.4.699","article-title":"Reduced autobiographical memory specificity and rumination in predicting the course of depression","volume":"115","author":"Raes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"77","article-title":"A standardization study of beck depression inventory I; Korean version (K-BDI): reliability and factor analysis","volume":"4","author":"Rhee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Korean J. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.02.014","article-title":"Parental verbal abuse and the mediating role of self-criticism in adult internalizing disorders","volume":"93","author":"Sachs-Ericsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013058625719","article-title":"The childhood trauma questionnaire in a community sample: psychometric properties and normative data","volume":"14","author":"Scher","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.3.448","article-title":"Social perception as a mediator of the influence of early visual processing on functional status in schizophrenia","volume":"163","author":"Sergi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2307\/270723","article-title":"Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models","volume":"13","author":"Sobel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sociol. Methodol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4306\/jknpa.2012.51.6.402","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Korean version of beck depression inventory-II via the Internet: results from a university student sample","volume":"51","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.1.1.25","article-title":"Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk factors to depression","volume":"1","author":"Spasojevic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"State Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v05n03_03","article-title":"Psychometric utility of the childhood trauma questionnaire with female street-based sex workers","volume":"5","author":"Villano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"B70","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling with Robust Covariances","author":"Yuan","year":"1999"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.08.001","article-title":"The role of self-blame and worthlessness in the psychopathology of major depressive disorder","volume":"186","author":"Zahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01597\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]],"date-time":"2017-09-25T00:27:06Z","timestamp":1506299226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01597\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01597","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"article-number":"1597"}}