{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:44:29Z","timestamp":1790999069257,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["629430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["629430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T00:07:52Z","timestamp":1545350872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Quantitative Data From Rating Scales: An Epistemological and Methodological Enquiry"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jana","family":"Uher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.496","article-title":"Measurement and quantification are not the same: ISO 15939 and ISO 9126.","volume":"24","author":"Abran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Softw. Evol. Process"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-012-9216-9","article-title":"Peeking into personality test answers: inter- and intraindividual variety in item interpretations.","volume":"47","author":"Arro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Psychol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1919","article-title":"Recommendations for increasing replicability in psychology.","volume":"27","author":"Asendorpf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2007.00051.x","article-title":"Psychology as the science of self-reports and finger movements: whatever happened to actual behavior?","volume":"2","author":"Baumeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"27","article-title":"\u201cMeasurement in psychology,\u201d in","author":"Berglund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Measurement with Persons?: theory, Methods, and Implementation Areas"},{"key":"B6","author":"Bhaskar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plato etc.: Problems of Philosophy and their Resolution."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/15017410600914329","article-title":"Metatheory, interdisciplinarity and disability research: a critical realist perspective.","volume":"8","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610364121","article-title":"The cost of forming more accurate impressions: accuracy-motivated perceivers see the personality of others more distinctively but less normatively than perceivers without an explicit goal.","volume":"21","author":"Biesanz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B9","year":"2006","journal-title":"BIPM: The International System of Units (SI)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.61.1.27","article-title":"Arbitrary metrics in psychology.","volume":"61","author":"Blanton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/10478401003596626","article-title":"The Five-Factor framing of personality and beyond: some ruminations.","volume":"21","author":"Block","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1086\/286465","article-title":"Causality and complementarity.","volume":"4","author":"Bohr","year":"1937","journal-title":"Philos. Sci."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"35","article-title":"Intelligence as the tests test it.","volume":"36","author":"Boring","year":"1923","journal-title":"New Repub."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2410050404","article-title":"Breadth, bandwidth, and fidelity of personality-descriptive categories.","volume":"5","author":"Borkenau","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354304040200","article-title":"Why psychometrics is not pathological.","volume":"14","author":"Borsboom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B16","author":"Bridgman","year":"1927","journal-title":"The Logic of Modern Physics."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354315617253","article-title":"Heating up the measurement debate: what psychologists can learn from the history of physics.","volume":"26","author":"Bringmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2307\/2024529","article-title":"Application of Bohr\u2019s principle of complementarity to the mind-body problem.","volume":"66","author":"Brody","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Philos."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061802","article-title":"The problem of quantification of psychological science.","volume":"56","author":"Brower","year":"1949","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-016-0383-5","article-title":"Measurement in social research: some misunderstandings.","volume":"51","author":"Bruschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1035-6","article-title":"Methods to detect low quality data and its implication for psychological research.","volume":"50","author":"Buchanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610393980","article-title":"Amazon\u2019s Mechanical Turk: a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data?","volume":"6","author":"Buhrmester","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-015-0268-z","article-title":"Psychological tests from a (fuzzy-)logical point of view.","volume":"50","author":"Buntins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"B24","author":"Campbell","year":"1920","journal-title":"Physics: The Elements."},{"key":"B25","author":"Capra","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Web of Life: A New Synthesis of Mind and Matter."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1126\/science.335.6076.1558","article-title":"Psychology\u2019s bold initiative.","volume":"335","author":"Carpenter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B27","author":"Chalmers","year":"2013","journal-title":"What is this Thing Called Science?"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617698203","article-title":"Lie for a dime.","volume":"8","author":"Chandler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0195171276.001.0001","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inventing Temperature?: Measurement and Scientific Progress."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/58.1.7","article-title":"The extended mind.","volume":"58","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"B31","author":"Creswell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040957","article-title":"Construct validity in psychological tests.","volume":"52","author":"Cronbach","year":"1955","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B33","author":"Daston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Objectivity."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/I.1.5","article-title":"A theory of measurement.","volume":"1","author":"Dingle","year":"1950","journal-title":"Br. J. Philos. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/spb.v13i2.25025","article-title":"Is psychology still a science of behaviour?","volume":"13","author":"Doli\u0144ski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B36","author":"Ellis","year":"1966","journal-title":"Basic Concepts of Measurement."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"151","article-title":"The complementarity principle in psychophysiological research and somatic medicine.","volume":"27","author":"Fahrenberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Z. Klin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"B38","author":"Fahrenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zur Kategorienlehre der Psychologie: Komplementarit\u00e4tsprinzip; Perspektiven und Perspektiven-Wechsel."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.23.4.206","article-title":"Ambulatory assessment - monitoring behavior in daily life settings.","volume":"23","author":"Fahrenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B40","author":"Fechner","year":"1860","journal-title":"Elemente der Psychophysik."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"331","article-title":"Quantitative estimates of sensory events: final report of the committee appointed to consider and report upon the possibility of quantitative estimates of sensory events.","volume":"1","author":"Ferguson","year":"1940","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-2241(03)00018-6","article-title":"Widely, strongly and weakly defined measurement.","volume":"34","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"B43","author":"Flick","year":"2014","journal-title":"An Introduction to Qualitative Research."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-009-9466-3","article-title":"Outline of a general model of measurement.","volume":"175","author":"Frigerio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2193695","article-title":"Measurement, models, and uncertainty.","volume":"61","author":"Giordani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"79","article-title":"Modeling measurement: error and uncertainty","author":"Giordani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Error and Uncertainty in Scientific Practice"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1515\/ppb-2016-0027","article-title":"Why can\u2019t we just ask? The influence of research methods on results. The case of the \u201cbystander effect.\u201d","volume":"47","author":"Grzyb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354318761606","article-title":"Measurement, ontology, and epistemology: psychology needs pragmatism-realism.","volume":"28","author":"Guyon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473957626","author":"Hammersley","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Myth of Research-Based Policy and Practice."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168354","article-title":"Do student samples provide an accurate estimate of the General Public?","volume":"11","author":"Hanel","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110823844","author":"Hartmann","year":"1964","journal-title":"Der Aufbau der Realen Welt. Grundriss der Allgemeinen Kategorienlehre (3. Aufl.)."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01397280","article-title":"\u00dcber den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik.","volume":"43","author":"Heisenberg","year":"1927","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"B53","author":"Heisenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Encounters with Einstein: And other Essays on People, Places, and Particles."},{"key":"B54","author":"Hirschberger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Geschichte der Philosophie Band II Neuzeit und Gegenwart."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.30965\/9783969750735","author":"Hoche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anthropological Complementarianism. Linguistic, Logical, and Phenomenological Studies in Support of a Third Way Beyond Dualism and Monism."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(199611)17:6<627::AID-JOB2828>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Issues and non-issues in the fidelity\u2013bandwidth trade-off.","volume":"17","author":"Hogan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"B57","author":"H\u00f6lder","year":"1901","journal-title":"Die Axiome der Quantit\u00e4t und die Lehre vom Mass (Band 53). Berichte \u00fcber die Verhandlungen der K\u00f6niglich S\u00e4chsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig."},{"key":"B58","author":"Hossenfelder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354317699099","article-title":"Psychological measurement: theory, paradoxes, and prototypes.","volume":"27","author":"Humphry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B60","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Vocabulary of Metrology \u2013 Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28937\/978-3-7873-2112-4","author":"Kant","year":"","journal-title":"Kritik der Reinen Vernunft"},{"key":"B62","author":"Kant","year":"","journal-title":"Metaphysische Anfangsgr\u00fcnde der Naturwissenschaft"},{"key":"B63","author":"Kaplan","year":"1964","journal-title":"The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science."},{"key":"B64","author":"Koffka","year":"1935","journal-title":"Principles of Gestalt Psychology."},{"key":"B65","author":"Krantz","year":"1971","journal-title":"Foundations of Measurement Volume I: Additive and Polynomial Representations."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/puf.insti.1998.01","author":"Lahlou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Penser Manger."},{"key":"B67","author":"Laucken","year":"1974","journal-title":"Naive Verhaltenstheorie."},{"key":"B68","author":"Le Poidevin","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Experience and Perception of Time"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"1","article-title":"A technique for the measurement of attitudes.","volume":"22","author":"Likert","year":"1932","journal-title":"Arch. Psychol."},{"key":"B70","author":"Locke","year":"1999","journal-title":"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Electronic Classics Series."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442684911","author":"Logan","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Extended Mind: The Emergence of Language, the Human mind, and Culture."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.02.042","article-title":"Problems with the Big Five assessment in the World Values Survey.","volume":"112","author":"Ludeke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2015.1134737","article-title":"Qualitative variations in personality inventories: subjective understandings of items in a personality inventory.","volume":"13","author":"Lundmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MEASUREMENT.2013.04.039","article-title":"A quest for the definition of measurement.","volume":"46","author":"Mari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2017.08.001","article-title":"A structural interpretation of measurement and some related epistemological issues.","author":"Mari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2193693","article-title":"Measurement fundamentals: a pragmatic view.","volume":"61","author":"Mari","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MEASUREMENT.2017.08.046","article-title":"The quality of measurement results in terms of the structural features of the measurement process.","volume":"116","author":"Maul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00431","article-title":"Stevens\u2019 forgotten crossroads: the divergent measurement traditions in the physical and psychological sciences from the mid-twentieth century.","volume":"6","author":"McGrane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B79","first-page":"63","article-title":"The Use of memory and contextual cues in the formation of behavioral frequency judgments","author":"Menon","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Science of Self-Report: Implications for Research and Practice"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.50.9.741","article-title":"Validity of psychological assessment: validation of inferences from persons\u2019 responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning.","volume":"50","author":"Messick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1997.tb02641.x","article-title":"Quantitative science and the definition of measurement in psychology.","volume":"88","author":"Michell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511490040","author":"Michell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Measurement in Psychology. A Critical History of a Methodological Concept."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354313517524","article-title":"The Rasch paradox, conjoint measurement, and psychometrics: response to Humphry and Sijtsma.","volume":"24","author":"Michell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B84","author":"Morin","year":"2008","journal-title":"On Complexity."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2374","article-title":"Promoting an open research culture: author guidelines for journals could help to promote transparency, openness, and reproducibility.","volume":"348","author":"Nosek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-011-9185-4","article-title":"Tension between the theoretical thinking and the empirical method: is it an inevitable fate for psychology?","volume":"46","author":"Omi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Integr. Psychol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(199611)17:6<609::AID-JOB1828>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Bandwidth\u2013fidelity dilemma in personality measurement for personnel selection.","volume":"17","author":"Ones","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4716","article-title":"Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science.","volume":"349","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B89","author":"Peirce","year":"1958","journal-title":"Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Vols. 1\u20136, Vols. 7\u20138"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/19315775.2014.11721702","article-title":"Man as a measurement instrument.","volume":"9","author":"Pendrill","year":"2014","journal-title":"NCSL Int. Meas."},{"key":"B91","author":"Porter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life."},{"key":"B92","author":"Prigogine","year":"1984","journal-title":"Order Out of Chaos?: Man\u2019s New Dialogue with Nature."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","article-title":"Measuring personality in one minute or less: a 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German.","volume":"41","author":"Rammstedt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354309352913","article-title":"The un-making of a method: from rating scales to the study of psychological processes.","volume":"21","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B95","author":"Rothschuh","year":"1963","journal-title":"Theorie des Organismus. Bios \u2013 Psyche \u2013 Pathos (2. erw. Aufl.)."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.3.182","article-title":"The seven sins of memory. Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience.","volume":"54","author":"Schacter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/445027a","article-title":"Constructive memory: the ghosts of past and future.","volume":"445","author":"Schacter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B98","author":"Schwitzgebel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Introspection. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Winter 2016)."},{"key":"B99","first-page":"37","article-title":"The systematic distortion hypothesis","author":"Shweder","year":"1980","journal-title":"Fallible Judgment in Behavioral Research: New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral Science"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1126\/science.103.2684.677","article-title":"On the theory of scales of measurement.","volume":"103","author":"Stevens","year":"1946","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B101","author":"Suppes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Representation and Invariance of Scientific Structures."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1037\/teo0000048","article-title":"Quantification in psychology: critical analysis of an unreflective practice.","volume":"36","author":"Tafreshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Theor. Philos. Psychol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02296190","article-title":"Psychometric engineering as art.","volume":"66","author":"Thissen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B104","author":"Thorndike","year":"1903","journal-title":"Notes on Child Study"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/h0070288","article-title":"A law of comparative judgment.","volume":"34","author":"Thurstone","year":"1927","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1086\/214483","article-title":"Attitudes can be measured.","volume":"33","author":"Thurstone","year":"1928","journal-title":"Am. J. Soc."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/13683-000","author":"Titchener","year":"1905","journal-title":"Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice: Quantitative Experiments, Part 1 Students Manual"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-60752-432-8","author":"Toomela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methodological Thinking in Psychology?: 60 Years Gone Astray?"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354309341926","article-title":"Measurement theory, psychology and the revolution that cannot happen.","volume":"19","author":"Trendler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354318788729","article-title":"Conjoint measurement undone.","author":"Trendler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1944-1","author":"Trierweiler","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Scientific Practice of Professional Psychology."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20544","article-title":"Individual behavioral phenotypes: an integrative meta-theoretical framework. Why \u201cbehavioral syndromes\u201d are not analogs of \u201cpersonality.\u201d","volume":"53","author":"Uher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-013-9230-6","article-title":"Personality psychology: lexical approaches, assessment methods, and trait concepts reveal only half of the story-Why it is time for a paradigm shift.","volume":"47","author":"Uher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Psychol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10130-9_13","article-title":"Agency enabled by the psyche: explorations using the transdisciplinary philosophy-of-science paradigm for research on individuals","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"Constraints of Agency: Explorations of theory in Everyday Life. Annals of Theoretical Psychology"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.3848.8169","article-title":"Comparing individuals within and across situations, groups and species: metatheoretical and methodological foundations demonstrated in primate behaviour","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"Comparative Neuropsychology and Brain Imaging"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-014-9283-1","article-title":"Conceiving \u201cpersonality\u201d: psychologist\u2019s challenges and basic fundamentals of the transdisciplinary philosophy-of-science paradigm for research on individuals.","volume":"49","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"Integr. Psychol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-014-9280-4","article-title":"Developing \u201cpersonality\u201d taxonomies: metatheoretical and methodological rationales underlying selection approaches, methods of data generation and reduction principles.","volume":"49","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"Integr. Psychol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-014-9281-3","article-title":"Interpreting \u201cpersonality\u201d taxonomies: why previous models cannot capture individual-specific experiencing, behaviour, functioning and development. Major taxonomic tasks still lay ahead.","volume":"49","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"Integr. Psychol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21094-0_18","article-title":"Exploring the workings of the Psyche: metatheoretical and methodological foundations","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"Psychology as the Science of Human Being: The Yokohama Manifesto"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/jtsb.12104","article-title":"What is behaviour? And (when) is? language behaviour? A metatheoretical definition.","volume":"46","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"J. Theory Soc. Behav."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-018-0744-3","article-title":"Data generation methods across the empirical sciences: differences in the study phenomena\u2019s accessibility and the processes of data encoding.","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017-0171","article-title":"Taxonomic models of individual differences: a guide to transdisciplinary approaches.","volume":"373","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526451163.n4","article-title":"The transdisciplinary philosophy-of-science paradigm for research on individuals: foundations for the science of personality and individual differences","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences: Volume I: The Science of Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.01.013","article-title":"Contextualised behavioural measurements of personality differences obtained in behavioural tests and social observations in adult capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).","volume":"47","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.03.006","article-title":"From observations of individual behaviour to social representations of personality: developmental pathways, attribution biases, and limitations of questionnaire methods.","volume":"47","author":"Uher","year":"","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2016.02.003","article-title":"Observations versus assessments of personality: a five-method multi-species study reveals numerous biases in ratings and methodological limitations of standardised assessments.","volume":"61","author":"Uher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B127","author":"Valsiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"A Guided Science: History of Psychology in the Mirror of Its Making."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61064-1","author":"Valsiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"From Methodology to Methods in Human Psychology."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5040\/9798216011491.ch-018","article-title":"Diversity in Unity: standard questions and nonstandard interpretations","author":"Valsiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science and Medicine in Dialogue"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence2010012","article-title":"Intelligence is what the intelligence test measures. Seriously.","volume":"2","author":"van der Maas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intell."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354312450093","article-title":"The ambiguous utility of psychometrics for the interpretative foundation of socially relevant avatars.","volume":"22","author":"Vautier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/0048393117705299","article-title":"Psychometrics versus representational theory of measurement.","volume":"47","author":"Vessonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B133","author":"von Bertalanffy","year":"1937","journal-title":"Das Gef\u00fcge des Lebens."},{"key":"B134","first-page":"12","article-title":"Knowing without metaphysics: aspects of the radical constructivist position","author":"von Glasersfeld","year":"1991","journal-title":"Research and Reflexivity"},{"key":"B135","author":"von Helmholtz","year":"1887","journal-title":"Z\u00e4hlen und Messen, Erkenntnistheoretisch Betrachtet."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11193-000","author":"Vygotsky","year":"1962","journal-title":"Thought and Language."},{"key":"B137","first-page":"99","article-title":"Tool and symbol in child development. Reprinted","author":"Vygotsky","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Vygotsky Reader"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0593-0","article-title":"How to quantify the evidence for the absence of a correlation.","volume":"48","author":"Wagenmakers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B139","first-page":"197","article-title":"Rating tasks in psychology: from a static ontology to a dialogical synthesis of meaning","author":"Wagoner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contemporary Theorizing in Psychology?: Global Perspectives"},{"key":"B140","author":"Walach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychologie: Wissenschaftstheorie, Philosophische Grundlagen Und Geschichte (3. Aufl.)."},{"key":"B141","first-page":"221","article-title":"Complementarity is a useful concept for consciousness studies: a reminder.","volume":"21","author":"Walach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"B142","author":"Walsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Test and Assessment"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1996.0028","article-title":"A model and a method for uncovering the nomothetic from the idiographic: an alternative to the Five-Factor Model.","volume":"30","author":"Westen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B144","author":"Whitehead","year":"1929","journal-title":"Process and Reality."},{"key":"B145","author":"Wundt","year":"1863","journal-title":"Vorlesungen \u00dcber die Menschen- und Thierseele."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0067923","author":"Wundt","year":"1894","journal-title":"Grundriss der Psychologie"},{"key":"B147","author":"Wundt","year":"1907","journal-title":"Logik der Exakten Wissenschaften, Band II (3. Umgearb. Aufl.)."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/485298a","article-title":"Replication studies: bad copy.","volume":"485","author":"Yong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X17001972","article-title":"Making replication mainstream.","author":"Zwaan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02599\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:17:44Z","timestamp":1775326664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02599\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"references-count":149,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02599","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"article-number":"2599"}}