{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T16:33:28Z","timestamp":1767976408271,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T04:57:07Z","timestamp":1553576227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Obsessions Across Two Cultures: A Comparison of Belgian and Turkish Non-clinical Samples"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fulya","family":"Ozcanli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Ceulemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Claes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Batja","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018260","article-title":"Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the dimensional obsessive-compulsive scale.","volume":"22","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.6.1049","article-title":"Symptom presentation and outcome of cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder.","volume":"71","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.08.028","article-title":"Exploring yale-brown obsessive-compulsive scale symptom structure in Iranian OCD patients using item-based factor analysis.","volume":"245","author":"Asadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"18","article-title":"Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders.","volume":"55","author":"Baer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00247","article-title":"Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the \u201ctrue self\u201d on the internet.","volume":"58","author":"Bargh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61426-3","article-title":"Do not forget culture when studying mental health.","volume":"370","author":"Bass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures.","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.397","article-title":"Intrusive thoughts in non-clinical subjects: the role of frequency and unpleasantness on appraisal ratings and control strategies.","volume":"11","author":"Belloch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20240","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of symptom and subtype categories in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder.","volume":"24","author":"Besiroglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.02.005","article-title":"An investigation of self-ambivalence in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"45","author":"Bhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.6.1009","article-title":"Finding universal dimensions of individual variation in multi-cultural studies of values: the Rokeach and Chinese value surveys.","volume":"55","author":"Bond","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00035-6","article-title":"Revision of the Padua inventory for obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms: distinctions between worry, obsessions, and compulsions.","volume":"34","author":"Burns","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10","article-title":"The scree test for the number of factors.","volume":"1","author":"Cattell","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465812000379","article-title":"Further validation of a Chinese version of the obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised.","volume":"41","author":"Chasson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"B16","author":"Clark","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for OCD."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397115622179","article-title":"Relationship context matters: cultural differences in self-construals revisited.","volume":"50","author":"Coskan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cross Cult. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.10.005","article-title":"Feared identity and obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"43","author":"Ferrier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022104264122","article-title":"Standardization to account for cross-cultural response bias: a classification of score adjustment procedures and review of research in JCCP.","volume":"35","author":"Fischer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"179","article-title":"\u201cMethods for investigating structural equivalence,\u201d in","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handbook of Cross-Cultural Research Methods"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.4.485","article-title":"The obsessive\u2013compulsive inventory: development and validation of a short version.","volume":"14","author":"Foa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.11.012","article-title":"Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: from normal cognitive intrusions to clinical obsessions.","volume":"25","author":"Garc\u00eda-Soriano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.05.004","article-title":"Factor structure and measurement invariance of the yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale across four racial\/ethnic groups.","volume":"24","author":"Garnaat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611427045","article-title":"Religiosity, social self-esteem, and psychological adjustment: on the cross-cultural specificity of the psychological benefits of religiosity.","volume":"23","author":"Gebauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The yale- brown obsessive compulsive scale.","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B26","author":"Guidano","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cognitive Processes and Emotional Disorders."},{"key":"B27","article-title":"Cultural patterns and developmental pathways of autonomy and relatedness: Turkish and Belgian self-construals in middle and late adolescence.","author":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paper Presented at the IACCP Regional Conference International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371205700304","article-title":"Responses to mental health stigma questions: the importance of social desirability and data collection method.","volume":"57","author":"Henderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478363","article-title":"Performance of some resistant rules for outlier labeling.","volume":"81","author":"Hoaglin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"B30","author":"Hofstede","year":"2001","journal-title":"Culture\u2019s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289447","article-title":"A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis.","volume":"30","author":"Horn","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.02.004","article-title":"Why are religious individuals more obsessional? The role of mental control beliefs and guilt in Muslims and Christians.","volume":"43","author":"Inozu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/028457100750066397","article-title":"Measuring obsessions without worry: convergent and discriminant validity of the revised Padua inventory in an Icelandic student population.","volume":"29","author":"Jonsdottir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000088860","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder, factor-analyzed symptom dimensions and serotonin transporter polymorphism.","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.151.4.447","article-title":"Anthropology and psychiatry. The role of culture in cross-cultural research on illness.","volume":"151","author":"Kleinman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0766-z","article-title":"The factor structure of the CES-D in a sample of Rwandan genocide survivors.","volume":"49","author":"Lacasse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428105284919","article-title":"The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: what did they really say?","volume":"9","author":"Lance","year":"2006","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00101-2","article-title":"Two different types of obsession: autogenous obsessions and reactive obsessions.","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615030403004","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Bali: the cultural shaping of a neuropsychiatric disorder.","volume":"40","author":"Lemelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022189202002","article-title":"On the empirical identification of dimensions for cross-cultural comparisons.","volume":"20","author":"Leung","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"214","article-title":"\u201cEmotion, knowing, and culture,\u201d in","author":"Levy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cModels of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action,\u201d in","author":"Markus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Cross-Cultural"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07020340","article-title":"Symptom structure in Japanese patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"165","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.04.003","article-title":"A critical evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: symptoms versus mechanisms.","volume":"24","author":"McKay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.10.001","article-title":"Autogenous and reactive obsessions: further evidence for a two-factor model of obsessions.","volume":"21","author":"Moulding","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200807","article-title":"SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer\u2019s MAP test.","volume":"32","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2012.08.001","article-title":"Assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a review of self-report measures.","volume":"1","author":"Overduin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90001-B","article-title":"Obsessive intrusive thoughts in nonclinical subjects. Part I. Content and relation with depressive, anxious and obsessional symptoms.","volume":"31","author":"Purdon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90003-5","article-title":"Obsessive intrusive thoughts in nonclinical subjects. Part II. Cognitive appraisal, emotional response and thought control strategies.","volume":"32","author":"Purdon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00040-5","article-title":"A cognitive theory of obsessions.","volume":"35","author":"Rachman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780198515371.001.0001","author":"Rachman","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Treatment of Obsessions."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2013.09.002","article-title":"Part 1-You can run but you can\u2019t hide: intrusive thoughts on six continents.","volume":"3","author":"Radomsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80119-4","article-title":"Subtyping OCD: prospects and problems.","volume":"36","author":"Radomsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"13","article-title":"\u201cPhenomenology of OCD: clinical subtypes, heterogeneity and coexistence,\u201d in","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Psychobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"},{"key":"B55","year":"2007","journal-title":"The International Intrusive Thoughts Interview Schedule, Version 6."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"32","article-title":"Development of an indigenous obsessive-compulsive scale.","volume":"4","author":"Saleem","year":"2010","journal-title":"FWU J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90116-7","article-title":"Obsessions and compulsions: the Padua inventory.","volume":"26","author":"Sanavio","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"7","article-title":"Epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"58","author":"Sasson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2013.06.004","article-title":"Autogenous\/reactive obsessions and their relationship with negative self-inferences.","volume":"2","author":"Seo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/136346159503200201","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of the cross-cultural epidemiological literature.","volume":"32","author":"Staley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/11543-008","article-title":"\u201cTreating incompleteness, ordering, and arranging concerns,\u201d in","author":"Summerfeldt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Fundamentals and Beyond"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00310-9","article-title":"Religiosity and religious obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"104","author":"Tek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.08.007","article-title":"The vancouver obsessional compulsive inventory (VOCI).","volume":"42","author":"Thordarson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B64","author":"Van de Vijver","year":"1997","journal-title":"Methods and Data Analysis for Cross-Cultural Research."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022102033002002","article-title":"Structural equivalence in multicultural research.","volume":"33","author":"Van de Vijver","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)E0010-G","article-title":"The structure of obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms.","volume":"33","author":"Van Oppen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000175","article-title":"Beyond the \u2018east\u2013west\u2019 dichotomy: global variation in cultural models of selfhood.","volume":"145","author":"Vignoles","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.39.9.955","article-title":"Standing out and standing in: the psychology of control in America and Japan.","volume":"39","author":"Weisz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.04.007","article-title":"Validation of the yale-brown obsessive-compulsive severity scale in African Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"209","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00657\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T04:57:10Z","timestamp":1553576230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00657\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]]},"article-number":"657"}}