{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:56:25Z","timestamp":1790430985539,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T03:12:05Z","timestamp":1600312325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Stress and Tinnitus; Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Tinnitus-Triggered Stress Reaction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jukka","family":"Ylikoski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Markkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Pirvola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarmo Antero","family":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Ylikoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zou","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saku T.","family":"Sinkkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"M\u00e4kitie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6166045","article-title":"Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control.","volume":"213","author":"Akselrod","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2013.812369","article-title":"Special issue on tinnitus.","volume":"42","author":"Andersson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1999.00278.x","article-title":"Distinguishing levels of tinnitus distress.","volume":"24","author":"Andersson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.05.006","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation acutely improves spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"10","author":"Antonino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000103131.70301.4F","article-title":"Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation.","volume":"108","author":"Aviles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009","article-title":"Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: a concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review.","volume":"11","author":"Badran","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.04.004","article-title":"Short trains of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) have parameter-specific effects on heart rate.","volume":"11","author":"Badran","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.09.006","article-title":"Effect of baroreceptor stimulation on the respiratory pattern: insights into respiratory-sympathetic interactions.","volume":"174","author":"Baekey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01207.x","article-title":"Purification of a new neurotrophic factor from mammalian brain.","volume":"1","author":"Barde","year":"1982","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-6196(12)62272-1","article-title":"The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective.","volume":"68","author":"Benarroch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102074","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in individuals aged 55 years or above: potential benefits of daily stimulation.","volume":"11","author":"Bretherton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4218-9","article-title":"Stress and neuroinflammation: a systematic review of the effects of stress on microglia and the implications for mental illness.","volume":"233","author":"Calcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.93.5.1043","article-title":"Task force of the European society of cardiology and the North American society of pacing and electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use.","volume":"93","author":"Camm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189518","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation triggers widespread responses and alters large-scale functional connectivity in the rat brain.","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00080","article-title":"Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced heart rate variability: a meta-analysis.","volume":"5","author":"Chalmers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23525","article-title":"Tinnitus distress is linked to enhanced resting-state functional connectivity from the limbic system to the auditory cortex.","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60469-3","article-title":"Specialised treatment based on cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"379","author":"Cima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity.","volume":"7","author":"Clancy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B19","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.115.010477","article-title":"Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation paired with upper-limb rehabilitation after ischemic stroke.","volume":"47","author":"Dawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.11.003","article-title":"Effects of short and prolonged transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability in healthy subjects.","volume":"203","author":"De Couck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt.2008.022","article-title":"A novel transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation leads to brainstem and cerebral activations measured by functional MRI\/Funktionelle magnet- resonanztomographie zeigt Aktivierungen des Hirnstamms und weiterer zerebraler Strukturen unter transkutaner vagusnervstimulation.","volume":"53","author":"Dietrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Tech. (Berl.)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(02)00168-8","article-title":"Depression and tinnitus.","volume":"36","author":"Dobie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.104166","article-title":"Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission.","volume":"318","author":"Dorr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.08.010","article-title":"The neuroscience of tinnitus.","volume":"27","author":"Eggermont","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00280","article-title":"Targeted vagus nerve stimulation for rehabilitation after stroke.","volume":"13","author":"Engineer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09656","article-title":"Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity.","volume":"470","author":"Engineer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1996.tb03238.x","article-title":"Stepwise strategy of using short- and long-term heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction.","volume":"19","author":"Faber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0087-6","article-title":"Far field potentials from the brain stem after transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"110","author":"Fallgatter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neural. Trans."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)04890-x","article-title":"Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom limb pain.","volume":"357","author":"Flor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/s0194-5998(99)70123-3","article-title":"Tinnitus severity, loudness, and depression.","volume":"121","author":"Folmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","article-title":"Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans.","volume":"8","author":"Frangos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199746507.003.0001","article-title":"Closed-loop neuromodulation restores network connectivity and motor control after spinal cord injury.","volume":"7","author":"Ganzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000930","article-title":"Modulation of brainstem activity and connectivity by respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation in migraine patients.","volume":"158","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00397","article-title":"Breath of life: the respiratory vagal stimulation model of contemplative activity.","volume":"12","author":"Gerritsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199901180-00001","article-title":"A selective imaging of tinnitus.","volume":"10","author":"Giraud","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.118.1.79","article-title":"The effects of peripheral vagal nerve stimulation at a memory-modulating intensity on norepinephrine output in the basolateral amygdala.","volume":"118","author":"Hassert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0908-6","article-title":"Auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in depressed patients: a randomized controlled pilot study.","volume":"120","author":"Hein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.6_suppl_4.S3","article-title":"Therapeutic mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"59","author":"Henry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.2","article-title":"Inflammation and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation.","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.12.005","article-title":"Parametric characterization of neural activity in the locus coeruleus in response to vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"289","author":"Hulsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000002820","article-title":"Effects of electrical transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on the perceived intensity of repetitive painful heat stimuli: a blinded placebo- and sham-controlled randomized crossover investigation.","volume":"126","author":"Janner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Anal."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(90)90031-9","article-title":"Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception.","volume":"8","author":"Jastreboff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66040-3","article-title":"Tinnitus retraining therapy.","volume":"166","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/03005369309077884","article-title":"A neurophysiological approach to tinnitus: clinical implications.","volume":"27","author":"Jastreboff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Audiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/010503901750069536","article-title":"Hearing assessment of classical orchestral musicians.","volume":"30","author":"K\u00e4h\u00e4ri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. Audiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00854","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation I \u2013 a physiological perspective.","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.09.002","article-title":"Harnessing plasticity to understand learning and treat disease.","volume":"35","author":"Kilgard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0755-z","article-title":"BOLDfMRI deactivation of limbic and temporal brain structures and mood enhancing effect by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"114","author":"Kraus","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.05.003","article-title":"Feasibility, safety and efficacy of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in chronic tinnitus: an open pilot study.","volume":"7","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14077","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2845-09.2009","article-title":"Adding insult to injury: cochlear nerve degeneration after \u201ctemporary\u201d noise-induced hearing loss.","volume":"29","author":"Kujawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"H2233","article-title":"Effect of aging on gender differences in neural control of heart rate.","volume":"277","author":"Kuo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2014.07.008","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation may elicit anti-and pro-nociceptive effects under experimentally- induced painda crossover placebo-controlled investigation.","volume":"185","author":"Laqua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.12.002","article-title":"Dysregulation of limbic and auditory networks in tinnitus.","volume":"69","author":"Leaver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2012.750736","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in tinnitus: a pilot study.","volume":"133","author":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.03.005","article-title":"Vagal sensory evoked potentials disappear under the neuromuscular block - an experimental study.","volume":"6","author":"Leutzow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.50.1.114","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of tinnitus: evidence for limbic system links and neural plasticity.","volume":"50","author":"Lockwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.93.5.1043","article-title":"Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task force of the European society of cardiology and the North American society of pacing and electrophysiology.","volume":"93","author":"Malik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(00)02950-4","article-title":"The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance.","volume":"886","author":"McEwen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0733-19.2019","article-title":"Revisiting the stress concept: implications for affective disorders.","volume":"40","author":"McEwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.017","article-title":"A functional genomic fingerprint of chronic stress in humans: blunted glucocorticoid and increased NF-\u03baB signaling.","volume":"64","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050889","article-title":"Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs shape the discharge pattern of pump neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat.","volume":"129","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(02)00170-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of tinnitus.","volume":"36","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01385.x","article-title":"Evoked pain analgesia in chronic pelvic pain patients using respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation.","volume":"13","author":"Napadow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.08.008","article-title":"Roles of brain criticality and multiscale oscillations in temporal predictions for sensorimotor processing.","volume":"41","author":"Palva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.05.004","article-title":"Uncertainty and stress: why it causes diseases and how it is mastered by the brain.","volume":"156","author":"Peters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0625-8","article-title":"Non-invasive measurement of vagus activity in the brainstem \u2013 a methodological progress towards earlier diagnosis of dementias?","volume":"114","author":"Polak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural. Trans."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.04.032","article-title":"Tuning out the noise: Limbic-auditory interactions in tinnitus.","volume":"66","author":"Rauschecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1944","article-title":"Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic.","volume":"10","author":"Ressler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci."},{"key":"B70","first-page":"119","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy for tinnitus.","volume":"14","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-255","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of depression: a study protocol for a double blinded randomized clinical trial.","volume":"12","author":"Rong","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern. Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.003","article-title":"The influence of respiration on brainstem and cardiovagal response to auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a multimodal ultrahigh-field (7T) fMRI study.","volume":"12","author":"Sclocco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4667.1383","article-title":"Stress and the general adaptation syndrome.","volume":"1","author":"Selye","year":"1950","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2020.1781084","article-title":"Priorities in stress research: a view from the U.S. National institute of mental health.","volume":"1","author":"Simmons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.11.008","article-title":"TREAT AF (Transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation to suppress atrial fibrillation): a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"6","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03492.x","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (t-VNS) in pharmacoresistant epilepsies: a proof of concept trial.","volume":"53","author":"Stefan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(96)00798-9","article-title":"Heart rate variability is independent of age, gender, and race in congestive heart failure with a recent acute exacerbation.","volume":"79","author":"Stein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0543-3","article-title":"Treatment of chronic migraine with transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve (auricular t-VNS): a randomized, monocentric clinical trial.","volume":"16","author":"Straube","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(88)90037-0","article-title":"Disabling tinnitus. Association with affective disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Sullivan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1367100","article-title":"Hearing disorder from music; a neglected dysfunction.","volume":"138","author":"Szibor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Time-varying spectrum estimation of heart rate variability signals with Kalman smoother algorithm.","volume":"2009","author":"Tarvainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009","article-title":"A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health.","volume":"36","author":"Thayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.005","article-title":"Neurons are the inflammatory problem.","volume":"173","author":"Tracey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12178-w","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones for the treatment of tinnitus: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled pilot study in humans.","volume":"7","author":"Tyler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000307","article-title":"Neuroinflammation mediates noise-induced synaptic imbalance and tinnitus in rodent models.","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3401-3","article-title":"Heart rate variability (HRV) in deep breathing tests and 5-min short-term recordings: agreement of ear photoplethysmography with ECG measurements, in 343 subjects.","volume":"116","author":"Weinschenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01299","article-title":"Chronic tinnitus exhibits bidirectional functional dysconnectivity in frontostriatal circuit.","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","article-title":"Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI.","volume":"20","author":"Yakunina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207281","article-title":"BOLD fMRI effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with chronic tinnitus.","volume":"13","author":"Yakunina","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2016.1269197","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduces sympathetic pre- ponderance in patients with tinnitus.","volume":"137","author":"Ylikoski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.12.022","article-title":"Relation of high heart rate variability to healthy longevity.","volume":"105","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570196\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T03:12:12Z","timestamp":1600312332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570196\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"article-number":"570196"}}