{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:51:41Z","timestamp":1790657501420,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Body Image Questionnaire-20 (FKB-20) is one of the most applied self-report measures in the context of body image assessment in German-speaking regions. A version of the FKB-20 capturing an ideal concept of body image is also available. A special property of the scale is its high sensitivity for individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa. The present research provided a short version of this scale (for both variants) and examined its validity in a representative sample (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 2,347) of the German population. We utilized factor analysis methods to identify the optimal short scale of the measure, finding excellent model fit and reliability for a two-factor model (FKB-6) for both real and ideal body image. Both versions of the FKB-6 can be considered invariant across sex and age groups. Good reliability indices were shown for both versions of the FKB-6. The reliability indices were similar to those mentioned in previous studies. Our study also revealed, that large discrepancies between the real and an ideal body image are correlated with somatic and body dysmorphic symptoms. Finally, we provided norm values for comparisons of individual scores with the general population. The FKB-6 is a valid and a reliable measure that economizes assessments by clinicians and researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.579783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T08:48:34Z","timestamp":1606812514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Brief Assessment of Body Image Perception: Norm Values and Factorial Structure of the Short Version of the FKB-20"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ileana","family":"Schmalbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjarne","family":"Schmalbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Zenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Berth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Albani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Petrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Br\u00e4hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"99","article-title":"\u00dcberpr\u00fcfung und Normierung des\u201d Fragebogen zum K\u00f6rperbild\u201d(FKB-20) von Clement und L\u00f6we (1996) an einer repr\u00e4sentativen deutschen Bev\u00f6lkerungsstichprobe.","volume":"15","author":"Albani","year":"","journal-title":"Z. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-915467","article-title":"Validierung und Normierung des,,Fragebogen zur Erfassung des k\u00f6rperlichen Wohlbefindens\u201d(FEW-16) von Kolip und Schmidt an einer repr\u00e4sentativen deutschen Bev\u00f6lkerungsstichprobe.","volume":"56","author":"Albani","year":"","journal-title":"PPmP Psychother. Psychos.Med. Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-008-0017-1","article-title":"K\u00f6rperbild und k\u00f6rperliches Wohlbefinden im Alter.","volume":"42","author":"Albani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Z. Gerontol. Geriatrie"},{"key":"B4","author":"Baker","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Basics of Item Response Theory."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000289073","article-title":"The WHO (Ten) well-being index: validation in diabetes.","volume":"65","author":"Bech","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317710815","article-title":"Body image in adult women: associations with health behaviors, quality of life, and functional impairment.","volume":"24","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B7","author":"Bliese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Package Multilevel."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-951955","article-title":"K\u00f6rperbilder m\u00e4nnlicher Patienten mit Essst\u00f6rungen.","volume":"57","author":"Benninghoven","year":"2007","journal-title":"PPmP Psychother.,, Psychos.Med. Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.03.004","article-title":"Ideal comparisons: body ideals harm women\u2019s body image through social comparison.","volume":"29","author":"Betz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.53.2.83","article-title":"Teststatistischepr\u00fcfung und Normierung der deutschen Versionen des EUROHIS-QOL Lebensqualit\u00e4t-Index und des WHO-5 Wohlbefindens-index.","volume":"53","author":"Br\u00e4hler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2012.715252","article-title":"An investigation of the sample performance of two nonnormality corrections for RMSEA.","volume":"47","author":"Broesseau-liard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2014.933697","article-title":"Adjusting incremental fit indices for nonnormality.","volume":"49","author":"Brosseau-Liard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multiv. Behav. Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.02.008","article-title":"The meaning of beauty: implicit and explicit self-esteem and attractiveness beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder.","volume":"23","author":"Buhlmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.5.823","article-title":"Body image among adolescent girls and boys: a longitudinal study.","volume":"40","author":"Carlson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"38","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioural perspectives on body image","author":"Cash","year":"2002","journal-title":"Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-384925-0.00054-7","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image.","volume":"2012","author":"Cash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Body Image Hum. Appearance"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.11.001","article-title":"Body image: a joyous journey [Editorial].","volume":"23","author":"Cash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10033","article-title":"The impact of body image experiences: development of the body image quality of life inventory.","volume":"31","author":"Cash","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"B19","author":"Cash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i06","article-title":"mirt: a multidimensional item response theory package for the R environment.","volume":"48","author":"Chalmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016008538.x","article-title":"Extent and determinants of discrepancy between self-evaluations of weight status and clinical standards.","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance.","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"254","article-title":"Die Validierung des FKB-20 als Instrument zur Erfassung von K\u00f6rperbildst\u00f6rungen bei psychosomatischen patienten.","volume":"46","author":"Clement","year":"1996","journal-title":"PPmP Psychother. Psychos.Med. Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-932570","article-title":"K\u00f6rperdysmorphe Beschwerden: Welche Rolle spielt die Diskrepanz zwischen Ideal-und Realk\u00f6rperbild?","volume":"56","author":"Daig","year":"2006","journal-title":"PPmP Psychother. Psychos.Med. Psychol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-970945","article-title":"Zusammenhang zwischen k\u00f6rperdysmorphen Beschwerden, K\u00f6rperbild und Selbstaufmerksamkeit an einer repr\u00e4sentativen Stichprobe.","volume":"58","author":"Daig","year":"2008","journal-title":"PPmP Psychother. Psychos.Med. Psychol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0447","article-title":"Validation of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.","volume":"30","author":"De Wit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-3722-1","article-title":"Body image in multiple sclerosis patients: a descriptive review.","volume":"40","author":"Di Cara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.9734\/cjast\/2020\/v39i3030970","article-title":"Cognitive dissonance: a psychological unrest.","volume":"39","author":"Dilakshini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12046","article-title":"From alpha to omega: a practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation.","volume":"105","author":"Dunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-006-0008-7","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder and other clinically significant body image concerns in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: prevalence and clinical characteristics.","volume":"36","author":"Dyl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"923","author":"Embretson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Item Response Theory for Psychologists."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4494","article-title":"Body image mediates the effect of cancer-related stigmatization on depression: a new target for intervention.","volume":"27","author":"Esser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psycho Oncol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164498058003001","article-title":"Item response theory and classical test theory: an empirical comparison of their item\/person statistics.","volume":"58","author":"Fan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12987","article-title":"Seeing yourself clearly: Self-identification of a body image problem in adolescents with an eating disorder.","author":"Fatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Intervent. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bev\u00f6lkerung [Population]."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620766","author":"Festinger","year":"1957","journal-title":"A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-017-0544-8","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder: history and curiosities.","volume":"167","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-384925-0.00121-8","article-title":"Surveys and the epidemiology of body image dissatisfaction","author":"Frederick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of body IMAGE and Human Appearance"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy342","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000\u20132018 period: a systematic literature review.","volume":"109","author":"Galmiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20640","article-title":"Body dissatisfaction and the effects of perceptual exposure on body norms and ideals.","volume":"42","author":"Glauert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000245454.12228.8f","article-title":"Do self-report instruments allow meaningful comparisons across diverse population groups? Testing measurement invariance using the confirmatory factor analysis framework.","author":"Gregorich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"B42","author":"Grogan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Body Image."},{"key":"B43","author":"Grogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Body Image."},{"key":"B44","author":"Groot","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Relationship Between Body Dissatisfaction and Sexual Dysfunction: The Mediating role of Depression."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-37391","article-title":"Die Wirksamkeit der Feldenkrais-Methode bei Krebs-Betroffenen.","volume":"52","author":"Gr\u00fcbel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Erfahrungsheilkunde"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"7","article-title":"Lebensqualit\u00e4t und Wohlbefinden im Alter.","volume":"19","author":"Gunzelmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Z. Gerontopsychol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B47","author":"Hair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis: Pearson New International Edition."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684310385217","article-title":"Are contemporary media images which seem to display women as sexually empowered actually harmful to women?","volume":"35","author":"Halliwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Women Q."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.13109\/zptm.2002.48.1.38","article-title":"Somatoforme Beschwerden in der Bev\u00f6lkerung Deutschlands\/Somatoform complaints in the German population.","volume":"48","author":"Hessel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Z. Psychos. Med. Psychother."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03035123","article-title":"Validity of the five-item WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5) in an elderly population.","volume":"251","author":"Heun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.3.319","article-title":"Self-discrepancy: a theory relating self and affect.","volume":"94","author":"Higgins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0082-y","article-title":"Somatization in the population: from mild bodily misperceptions to disabling symptoms.","volume":"41","author":"Hiller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"382","article-title":"\u00dcberpr\u00fcfung und Normierung des \u201cFragebogen zur Erfassung dispositionaler Selbstaufmerksamkeit\u201d(SAM) an einer repr\u00e4sentativen deutschen Bev\u00f6lkerungsstichprobe.","volume":"3","author":"Hinz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Klinis. Diagn. Eval."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02289447","article-title":"A rationale and test of the number of factors in factor analysis.","volume":"30","author":"Horn","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03325017","article-title":"Therapeutic outcome of adjustable gastric banding in morbid obese patients.","volume":"8","author":"Hotter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eating Weight Disord. Stud. Anorexia Bulimia Obes."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2006.02.005","article-title":"Body image and eating disordered behavior in a community sample of Black and Hispanic women.","volume":"8","author":"Hrabosky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives.","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscipl. J."},{"key":"B58","author":"Joraschky","year":"2018","journal-title":"K\u00f6rpererleben und K\u00f6rperbild: Ein Handbuch zur Diagnostik."},{"key":"B59","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Package SemTools."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701758406","article-title":"A note on the relation between factor analytic and item response theory models.","volume":"15","author":"Kamata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2013.38.1.52","article-title":"Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis.","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Restorative Dent. Endodontics"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.06.006","article-title":"Systematic review of body image measures.","volume":"30","author":"Kling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.07.008","article-title":"Marital status and body weight, weight perception, and weight management among US adults.","volume":"14","author":"Klos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1026\/\/0943-8149.7.2.77","article-title":"Der Fragebogen zur Erfassung k\u00f6rperlichen Wohlbefindens (FEW 16): Konstruktion und erste Validierung.","volume":"7","author":"Kolip","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Gesundheitspsychologie"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.12.015","article-title":"Measuring depression with a well-being index: further evidence for the validity of the WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5) as a measure of the severity of depression.","volume":"156","author":"Krieger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/ptr\/12.2.179","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative effects of Feldenkrais, progressive muscle relaxation, and standard medical treatment in patients after acute myocardial infarction.","volume":"12","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychother. Res."},{"key":"B67","first-page":"352","article-title":"Der Fragebogen zum koerperbild (FKB-20). literaturueberblick, beschreibung und pruefung eines messinstrumentes.","volume":"42","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diagnostica G\u00f6ttingen"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000079379.39918.17","article-title":"Predictors of psychiatric comorbidity in medical outpatients.","volume":"65","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00288390","article-title":"Body image, self-esteem, and depression-proneness: closing the gender gap.","volume":"18","author":"McCaulay","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"145","article-title":"Body image in the context of eating disorders.","volume":"42","author":"McLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1281286","article-title":"The thorny relation between measurement quality and fit index cutoffs in latent variable models.","volume":"100","author":"McNeish","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.857","article-title":"Testing measurement invariance across groups: applications in cross-cultural research.","volume":"3","author":"Milfont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"B73","first-page":"145","article-title":"Beauty, body image, and the media.","volume":"8","author":"Mills","year":"2017","journal-title":"Percept. Beauty"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002008","article-title":"Assessing body image in anorexia nervosa using biometric self-avatars in virtual reality: attitudinal components rather than visual body size estimation are distorted.","volume":"48","author":"M\u00f6lbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-920","article-title":"Quality of life impairment associated with body dissatisfaction in a general population sample of women.","volume":"13","author":"Mond","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016763","article-title":"Social comparison as a predictor of body dissatisfaction: a meta-analytic review.","volume":"118","author":"Myers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244017691327","article-title":"The struggle between the real and ideal: impact of acute media exposure on body image of young Indian women.","volume":"7","author":"Nagar","year":"2017","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.08.005","article-title":"Psychological predictors of body image attitudes and concerns in young children.","volume":"27","author":"Nichols","year":"2018","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B79","author":"Nunally","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Theory."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428110368562","article-title":"Assessing goodness of fit: simple rules of thumb simply do not work.","volume":"14","author":"Nye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.48","article-title":"Sex, race\/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and BMI in relation to self-perception of overweight.","volume":"10","author":"Paeratakul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12289","article-title":"Suicidality, self-harm, and body dissatisfaction in transgender adolescents and emerging adults with gender dysphoria.","volume":"47","author":"Peterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat. Behav."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.18.5.495","article-title":"The world health organization WHOQOL-100.","volume":"18","author":"Power","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"5","article-title":"An empirical comparison of item response theory and classical test theory.","volume":"17","author":"Progar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horizons Psychol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00864","article-title":"Body dissatisfaction, importance of appearance and body appreciation in men and women over the lifespan.","volume":"10","author":"Quittkat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091541","article-title":"Body mass index perception, body image dissatisfaction and their relations with weight-related behaviors among university students.","volume":"16","author":"Radwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B87","author":"Revelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291706007264","article-title":"The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey.","volume":"36","author":"Rief","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.44.6.492","article-title":"A new approach to the assessment of the treatment effects of somatoform disorders.","volume":"44","author":"Rief","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"B90","author":"Rief","year":"1997","journal-title":"SOMS\u2014Das Screening f\u00fcr Somatoforme St\u00f6rungen: Manual zum Fragebogen (SOMS\u2014The Screening for Somatoform Symptoms)."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119579038.ch1","article-title":"lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling.","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.12.010","article-title":"Body image, physical activity, and sport: a scoping review.","volume":"42","author":"Sabiston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-20182","article-title":"Ver\u00e4nderungen von K\u00f6rperbild und K\u00f6rpererleben bei essgest\u00f6rten und nichtessgest\u00f6rten Patienten im Verlauf einer station\u00e4ren Psychotherapie.","volume":"52","author":"Sack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychos. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.07.028","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media use and body image disturbance.","volume":"101","author":"Saiphoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-010-0156-6","article-title":"K\u00f6rperbild und K\u00f6rperzufriedenheit im Leistungssport.","volume":"40","author":"Sarrar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sportwissenschaft"},{"key":"B96","first-page":"69","article-title":"Body image and obesity in adulthood.","volume":"28","author":"Sarwer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02296192","article-title":"A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis.","volume":"66","author":"Satorra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B98","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures.","volume":"8","author":"Schermelleh-Engel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Psychol. Res. Online"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-105934","article-title":"Die k\u00f6rperdysmorphe st\u00f6rung: aktuelle entwicklungen zu diagnostik, st\u00f6rungswissen und therapie.","volume":"10","author":"Schieber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psych Up2date"},{"key":"B100","author":"Schmalbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"ezCutoffs: Fit Measure Cutoffs in SEM. R package version 1.0.1."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0887-5920","article-title":"Pr\u00fcfung der Messinvarianz von Frageb\u00f6gen alsnotwendige Grundlage f\u00fcr Mittelwertvergleiche.","volume":"69","author":"Schmalbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"PPmP Psychother.Psychos.Med. Psychol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki155","article-title":"The EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index: psychometric results of a cross-cultural field study.","volume":"16","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B103","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"K\u00f6rperbildwahrnehmung als Risikofaktor f\u00fcr Chronischen Stress."},{"key":"B104","author":"Schultze","year":"2019","journal-title":"stuart: Subtests Using Algorithmic Rummaging Techniques. R package version 0.8.0."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-24","article-title":"Methodological issues regarding power of classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT)-based approaches for the comparison of patient-reported outcomes in two groups of patients-a simulation study.","volume":"10","author":"S\u00e9bille","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1882.2004.tb00246.x","article-title":"The relation between objectified body consciousness and wellness in a group of college women.","volume":"7","author":"Sinclair","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. College Counsel."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/b:qure.0000018486.91360.00","article-title":"The World Health Organization\u2019s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group.","volume":"13","author":"Skevington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90136-8","article-title":"What is body image?.","volume":"32","author":"Slade","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1086\/209528","article-title":"Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research.","volume":"25","author":"Steenkamp","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00278-017-0188-6","article-title":"Diagnostik der K\u00f6rperbildst\u00f6rung.","volume":"62","author":"Steinfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychotherapeut"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000049","article-title":"Analyzing observed composite differences across groups: is partial measurement invariance enough?","volume":"9","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2017.1392278","article-title":"Positive body image is positively associated with hedonic (emotional) and eudaimonic (psychological and social) well-being in British adults.","volume":"158","author":"Swami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00077.x","article-title":"Effects of psychological group therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis.","volume":"107","author":"Tesar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/s1740-1445(03)00004-4","article-title":"The (mis)measurement of body image: ten strategies to improve assessment for applied and research purposes.","volume":"1","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image Int. J. Res."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.08.006","article-title":"Thomas F. cash: a multidimensional innovator in the measurement of body image; Some lessons learned and some lessons for the future of the field.","volume":"31","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/s1740-1445(03)00002-0","article-title":"Body image across the adult life span: stability and change.","volume":"1","author":"Tiggemann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1740-1445(03)00002-0","article-title":"The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"84","author":"Topp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychos."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2016.04.006","article-title":"Obsession with perfection: body dysmorphia.","volume":"34","author":"Vashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12396","article-title":"Effect of ultraviolet light on mood, depressive disorders and well-being.","volume":"34","author":"Veleva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619859331","article-title":"Fifteen-year prevalence, trajectories, and predictors of body dissatisfaction from adolescence to middle adulthood.","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B121","first-page":"285","article-title":"Positive and negative body image: precursors, correlates, and consequences","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 38th annual Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2013.04.007","article-title":"More than just body weight: the role of body image in psychological and physical functioning.","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B123","first-page":"63","article-title":"Body image and health behaviors: is there a relationship between lifestyles and positive body image.","volume":"167","author":"Zanon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"B124","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFAutilities: Utility Functions for Exploratory Factor Analysis. R package version 2.0.0."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00852","article-title":"Perceived stress mediates the relationship of body image and depressive symptoms in individuals with obesity.","volume":"10","author":"Ziser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.579783\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T16:47:27Z","timestamp":1669913247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.579783\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.579783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.579783","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"article-number":"579783"}}