{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:58:34Z","timestamp":1767193114776,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on doctoral research which explored relationships and interpersonal learning through group dramatherapy and creative interviewing with adolescents in special education. A constructivist grounded theory study, positioning adolescents with intellectual\/developmental disabilities as experts of their own relational experiences, revealed a tendency to<jats:italic>\u201ccopy others.\u201d<\/jats:italic>The final grounded theory presented<jats:italic>\u201ccopying\u201d<\/jats:italic>as a tool which participants consciously employed \u201c<jats:italic>to play with,\u201d \u201clearn from,\u201d<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>\u201cjoin in with\u201d<\/jats:italic>others. Commonly experiencing social ostracism, participants reflected awareness of their tendency to<jats:italic>\u201ccopy others\u201d<\/jats:italic>being underpinned by a need to belong. Belonging was therefore expressed as the ultimate therapeutic experience participants wished to have. Participant responses which link dramatic imitation to a self-identified tendency<jats:italic>\u201cto copy,\u201d<\/jats:italic>are discussed with regard to how imitation provides an accessible point of dramatic entry from which adolescents in special education begin to explore new ways of being and inter-relating. Recommendations for how dramatherapists might centralize imitative aspects of the dramatic process to achieve therapeutic intent when working alongside adolescents in special education are discussed with specific focus on creating a space of belonging.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Note on type: Participant quotes extracted from the data are included throughout this article. In order to highlight participant\u2019s contributions quotes are italicized and presented within speech marks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.588650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T22:20:56Z","timestamp":1610058056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["\u201cWe Copy to Join in, to Not Be Lonely\u201d: Adolescents in Special Education Reflect on Using Dramatic Imitation in Group Dramatherapy to Enhance Relational Connection and Belonging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Musicka-Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1386\/dtr.2.1.65_1","article-title":"Disolving the stigma of disability through drama therapy: a case study of an intergrated classroom approach to addressing stigmatization by pre-professional health care students.","volume":"2","author":"Bailey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drama Ther. Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.","volume":"117","author":"Baumeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pyschol. Bull."},{"journal-title":"Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide","year":"2015","author":"Birks","key":"B3"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316654870","article-title":"Member checking: a tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation.","volume":"26","author":"Birt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1386\/dtr.3.1.75_1","article-title":"Re-examining Landy\u2019s four-part model of drama therapy education.","volume":"3","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drama Ther. Rev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13180","article-title":"Integrating visual analytics support for grounded theory practice in qualitative text analysis.","volume":"36","author":"Chandrasegaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"291","article-title":"Grounded theory methods in social justice research","author":"Charmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"2","article-title":"The power and potential of grounded theory.","volume":"6","author":"Charmaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sociol. Online"},{"journal-title":"Constructing Grounded Theory","year":"2014","author":"Charmaz","key":"B9"},{"journal-title":"Engaging Mirror Neurons to Inspire Connection and Social Emotional Development \u2013 in Children and Teens on the Autism Spectrum \u2013 theory into Practice through Dramatherapy.","year":"2014","author":"Chasen","key":"B10"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8933-5_11","article-title":"Drawing on the arts, transforming research: possibilities of arts-informed perspectives","author":"Cole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methodological Choice and Design. Methodos Series (Methodological Prospects in the Social Sciences)"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"35","article-title":"Dynamic Re- enactment.","volume":"5","author":"Collier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mark. Res."},{"journal-title":"Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory","year":"2015","author":"Corbin","key":"B13"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"287","article-title":"Giving voice to adolescents through dramatherapy assessment","author":"Dunne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Assessment in Drama Therapy"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7748\/ns2013.10.28.7.37.e7806","article-title":"Understanding grounded theory.","volume":"28","author":"Engward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurs. Stand."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568216688246","article-title":"Children\u2019s ongoing and relational negotiation of informed assent in child-researcher, child-child and child-parent interaction.","volume":"24","author":"Ericsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Childhood"},{"journal-title":"The Adolescent Psyche: Jungian and Winicottian Perspectives.","year":"1998","author":"Frankel","key":"B17"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1386\/dtr.5.1.3_2","article-title":"Drama therapists in schools: holding and exploring multiple paradigms.","volume":"5","author":"Frydman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drama Ther. Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226446592.003.0000","article-title":"Human imitation: historical, philosophical, and scientific perspectives","author":"Garrels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mimesis and Science"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/ANS.0000000000000109","article-title":"Coding, constant comparisons and core categories.","volume":"39","author":"Giles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2013.05.007","article-title":"Dominant narratives: complicity and the need for vigilance in the creative arts therapies.","volume":"40","author":"Hadley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arts Psychother."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7748\/nr.23.3.6.s2","article-title":"Understanding the importance of collecting qualitative data creatively.","volume":"23","author":"Halcomb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurse Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0203-6","article-title":"Once a clinician, always a clinician: a systematic review to develop a typology of clinician-researcher dual-role experiences in health research with patient\u2013participants.","volume":"16","author":"Hay-Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1108\/qrj-11-2014-0065","article-title":"Reflexivity and the clinician-researcher: managing participant misconceptions.","volume":"16","author":"Hiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual. Res. J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315869766","author":"Holmwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drama Education and Dramatherapy: Exploring the Space between Disciplines."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcx008","article-title":"Arts as a methodology of connecting micro and macro knowledge in social work: examples of impoverished Bedouin\u2019s womens images in Israel.","volume":"48","author":"Huss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Work"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/15017410601029770","article-title":"Institutional environments and subcultural belonging: theatre and intellectual disabilities.","volume":"9","author":"Ineland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Intellect. Disabil."},{"journal-title":"Healthy Attachments and Neuro-Dramatic Play.","year":"2011","author":"Jennings","key":"B28"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203859469-9","article-title":"The nature of practice and practitioneer research","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drama as Therapy"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"77","article-title":"How do dramatherapists understand client change?","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Routledge International Handbook of Dramatherapy"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.14321\/j.ctt7zt5kb.9","article-title":"Imitation, communion and culture","author":"Kale-Kruger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mimesis and Science"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1386\/dtr.2.1.99_1","article-title":"A hero\u2019s journey in a German psychiatric hospital.","volume":"2","author":"Klees","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drama Ther. Rev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5613\/rzs.41.2.1","article-title":"Visual grounded theory: a methodological outline and examples from empirical work.","volume":"41","author":"Konecki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Sociol."},{"journal-title":"Persona and Performance: The Meaning of role in Drama, Therapy and Everyday Life.","year":"1993","author":"Landy","key":"B34"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/02630672.1992.9689810","article-title":"Role theory and the role method of dramatherapy","author":"Landy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Approaches in Dramatherapy"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"148","article-title":"Assessment through role theory","author":"Landy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Assessment in Drama Therapy"},{"journal-title":"Method Meets Art: Arts Based Research.","year":"2015","author":"Leavy","key":"B37"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.005","article-title":"Imitation and innovation: the dual engines of cultural learning.","volume":"19","author":"Legare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.05.020","article-title":"Imitative flexibility and the development of cultural learning.","volume":"142","author":"Legare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"journal-title":"Groupwork with Adolescents: Principles and Practices","year":"2015","author":"Malekoff","key":"B40"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/09687590600995287","article-title":"Self-advocates have the last say on friendship.","volume":"21","author":"McVilly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disabil. Soc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/02630672.2017.1288263","article-title":"Practice-based evidence: therapist as researcher, using outcome measures.","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dramatherapy"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.15212\/caet\/2018\/4\/31","article-title":"Offering space for choice and voice: participant assent as a creative workshop informed by dramatherapy practice.","volume":"4","author":"Musicka-Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Creat. Arts Educ. Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794114557993","article-title":"Creative interactions with data: using visual and metaphorical devices in repeated focus groups.","volume":"16","author":"Nind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual. Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6_270","article-title":"Imitative learning in humans and animals","author":"Over","year":"2012","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1386\/dtr.4.2.183_1","article-title":"Drama therapy and the invisible realm.","volume":"4","author":"Pendzik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drama Ther. Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1386\/dtr.3.2.241_1","article-title":"Ethnodramatherapy applied in a project focusing on relationships in the lives of adults with developmental disabilities, especially romance, intimacy and sexuality.","volume":"3","author":"Snow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drama Ther. Rev."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"197","article-title":"Dramatherapy, autism and relationship building: a case study","author":"Tytherleigh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arts Therapies in Schools: Research and Practice"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12431","article-title":"The added value of inclusive research.","volume":"31","author":"Walmsley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"218","article-title":"Attachment-informed drama therapy with adolescents","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Routledge International Handbook of Dramatherapy"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"66","article-title":"Chaos, destruction and abuse: dramatherapy in a school for excluded adolescents","author":"Zeal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dramatherapy and Destructiveness"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1179\/2047387715Y.0000000005","article-title":"Construction of intellectual disability; (de)construction of the social role of intellectually disabled persons.","volume":"62","author":"Zolkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Disabil."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.588650\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T01:48:34Z","timestamp":1724291314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.588650\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.588650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.588650","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"article-number":"588650"}}