{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:02:37Z","timestamp":1781650957287,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001502","name":"Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001502","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuropsychological profile of Indian Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) subjects remains unidentified and needs to be evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 69 DMD and 66 controls were subjected to detailed intelligence and neuropsychological assessment. The factor indexes were derived from various components of Malin\u2019s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children (MISIC) and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor verbal and visual memory profiles were demonstrated by DMDs, which include RAVLT-immediate recall (IR) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.042), RAVLT-delayed recall (DR) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.009), Rey\u2013Osterrieth complex figure test (RCFT)-IR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), and RCFT-DR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). RAVLT-memory efficiency index demonstrated poor verbal memory efficiency (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.008). Significant differences in the functioning of working memory axis [RAVLT T1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.015), recency T1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.004), Digit Span Backward (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.103)] were observed along with reduced performance in visuomotor coordination, visuospatial, and visual recognition abilities. Block designing efficiency index and attention fraction showed a normal performance in DMD kids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Working memory deficits were found to be the crucial element of cognitive functioning in DMD cases. Working memory interventions may be beneficial to improve the neuropsychological profile in DMD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.613242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1610684342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Working Memory Alterations Plays an Essential Role in Developing Global Neuropsychological Impairment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rahul","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshita","family":"Arvind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshay","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manju","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.2174\/156720512803569055","article-title":"The animal models of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease for pre-clinical testing and clinical translation.","volume":"9","author":"Anand","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03548.x","article-title":"Soluble VEGFR1 (sVEGFR1) as a novel marker of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the North Indian ALS patients.","volume":"19","author":"Anand","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.04.022","article-title":"Sustained inhibition of brotizolam induced anterograde amnesia by norharmane and retrograde amnesia by L-glutamic acid in mice.","volume":"182","author":"Anand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.221210","article-title":"Dystrophin induced cognitive impairment: mechanisms, models and therapeutic strategies.","volume":"22","author":"Anand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1988.tb14557.x","article-title":"Serial position memory of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.","volume":"30","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960-8966(06)80008-8","article-title":"Cognitive functions in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a reappraisal and comparison with spinal muscular atrophy.","volume":"2","author":"Billard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2004.08.001","article-title":"Comparison of various RAVLT scores in the detection of noncredible memory performance.","volume":"20","author":"Boone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.4.1276","article-title":"Dystrophin is transcribed in brain from a distant upstream promoter.","volume":"88","author":"Boyce","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(94)90072-8","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.","volume":"4","author":"Bresolin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1968.tb02974.x","article-title":"The genetic relationship of progressive muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type) and mental retardation.","volume":"10","author":"Cohen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00750.x","article-title":"Intelligence and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: full-scale, verbal, and performance intelligence quotients.","volume":"43","author":"Cotton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01131.x","article-title":"Association between intellectual functioning and age in children and young adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: further results from a meta-analysis.","volume":"47","author":"Cotton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00864.x","article-title":"Seven-year-olds allocate attention like adults unless working memory is overloaded.","volume":"13","author":"Cowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp320","article-title":"Analysis of Dp71 contribution in the severity of mental retardation through comparison of Duchenne and Becker patients differing by mutation consequences on Dp71 expression.","volume":"18","author":"Daoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040802665777","article-title":"Neurobehavioral characteristics of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.","volume":"15","author":"Donders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.05.001","article-title":"Combining genetics, neuropsychology and neuroimaging to improve understanding of brain involvement in Duchenne muscular dystrophy \u2013 a narrative review.","volume":"30","author":"Doorenweerd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Recherches sur Ie paralysie musculaire pseudohypertrophique ou paralysie myosclerosique. I. Symptomatologie, marche, duree, terminaison.","volume":"11","author":"Duchenne","year":"1868","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049308401885","article-title":"Explicit scoring criteria for the Rey-Osterrieth and Taylor complex figures.","volume":"7","author":"Duley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa3905_9","article-title":"The measurement of creativity by the stroop color and word test.","volume":"39","author":"Golden","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2174\/1871524914666141030145948","article-title":"Targeted drug delivery to central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: trends and advances.","volume":"14","author":"Goyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/5.9.1299","article-title":"Reduced levels of dystrophin associated proteins in the brains of mice deficient for Dp71.","volume":"5","author":"Greenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/073428290202000202","article-title":"Analyzing digit span components for assessment of attention processes.","volume":"20","author":"Hale","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(66)90004-7","article-title":"The stroop color-word test: a review.","volume":"25","author":"Jensen","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/86061","article-title":"The spatial transformation of color in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey.","volume":"4","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","author":"Kar","year":"2004","journal-title":"NIMHANS Neuropsychological Battery for Children-Manual."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380315","article-title":"Deficiency of brain synaptic dystrophin in human Duchenne muscular dystrophy.","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094256","article-title":"Fundamental components of attention.","volume":"30","author":"Knudsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90504-6","article-title":"Complete cloning of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cDNA and preliminary genomic organization of the DMD gene in normal and affected individuals.","volume":"50","author":"Koenig","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000469192","article-title":"Molecular studies of progressive muscular dystrophy (Duchenne).","volume":"38","author":"Kunkel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Enzyme"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/348725a0","article-title":"Localization of dystrophin to postsynaptic regions of central nervous system cortical neurons.","volume":"348","author":"Lidov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1997.4905","article-title":"Dp140: alternatively spliced isoforms in brain and kidney.","volume":"45","author":"Lidov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B32","author":"Llorente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Children\u2019s Color Trails Test (CCTT)."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-564340-5.50006-8","article-title":"The frontal lobes and the regulation of behavior.","volume":"332","author":"Luria","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychophysiol. Front. Lob."},{"key":"B34","author":"Malin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Malin\u2019s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2011.617782","article-title":"The neuropsychological profile of infantile Duchenne muscular dystrophy.","volume":"25","author":"Mento","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61897-2","article-title":"Muscular dystrophies.","volume":"381","author":"Mercuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00275183","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy: pathogenetic aspects and genetic prevention.","volume":"66","author":"Moser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci118112","article-title":"A mutation in the dystrophin gene selectively affecting dystrophin expression in the heart.","volume":"96","author":"Muntoni","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01845-w","article-title":"Dystrophin Dp71 and the neuropathophysiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.","volume":"57","author":"Naidoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2013.802649","article-title":"Neuropsychological profile of duchenne muscular dystrophy.","volume":"4","author":"Perumal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Child"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.a6604","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of white matter abnormalities in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using DTI.","volume":"41","author":"Preethish-Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1982.55.3.839","article-title":"Children\u2019s production on verbal and non-verbal fluency tasks.","volume":"55","author":"Regard","year":"1982","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.704073","article-title":"Using the rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT) to differentiate Alzheimer\u2019s dementia and behavioural variant fronto-temporal dementia.","volume":"26","author":"Ricci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6177(95)00033-x","article-title":"Benton controlled oral word association test: reliability and updated norms.","volume":"11","author":"Ruff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2174\/156720212803530681","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphism and serum levels of VEGFR2 are associated with age related macular degeneration.","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2094","article-title":"The machinery of colour vision.","volume":"8","author":"Solomon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2019.103615","article-title":"Altered working memory-related brain responses and white matter microstructure in extremely preterm-born children at school age.","volume":"136","author":"Tokariev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8233-5","article-title":"The shortest isoform of dystrophin (Dp40) interacts with a group of presynaptic proteins to form a presumptive novel complex in the mouse brain.","volume":"45","author":"Tozawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68381-9","article-title":"Computational cognitive modeling and validation of Dp140 induced alteration of working memory in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.","volume":"10","author":"Tyagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202920666191107142754","article-title":"Repurposing pathogenic variants of DMD gene and its isoforms for DMD exon skipping intervention.","volume":"20","author":"Tyagi","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Genomics"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/0972753120912913","article-title":"The role of dystrophin gene mutations in neuropsychological domains of DMD boys: a longitudinal study.","volume":"26","author":"Tyagi","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040903493522","article-title":"Normative data for composite scores for children and adults derived from the rey auditory verbal learning test.","volume":"24","author":"Vakil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00466.x","article-title":"Specific cognitive deficits are common in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.","volume":"46","author":"Wicksell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.613242\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T04:19:07Z","timestamp":1610684347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.613242\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.613242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.613242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"article-number":"613242"}}