{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T04:12:10Z","timestamp":1754194330638,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In March 2020, the World Health Organization announced the Covid-19 outbreak a pandemic and restrictive measures were enacted by the Governments to fight the spread of the virus. In Italy, these measures included a nationwide lockdown, with limited exceptions including grocery shopping, certain work activities, and healthcare. Consistently with findings from previous studies investigating the psychological impact of similar pandemics [e.g., Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)], there is evidence that Covid-19 is associated with negative mental health outcomes. Given this background, we conducted a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent restrictive measures imposed by the Government on the psychological health of Italian men and women aged = 18 years and living in Lombardy, one of the worst-hit regions. The study also aimed at identifying what factors are associated with specific psychological outcomes. Thus, we developed an online survey that included a researcher-made questionnaire to collect sociodemographic, household, general health, and pandemic-related information. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Perceived Stress Scale were used to assess anxiety, depression, and perceived stress, respectively. We found that younger age, greater concerns about the pandemic, female gender, being unmarried, not having children, and being a student were associated with worse psychological health. These findings may provide further insight into the risk factors associated with negative psychological outcomes during the current pandemic, with identification of vulnerable groups. This body of evidence may help professionals implement targeted psychosocial treatment and prevention programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.566753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T06:15:25Z","timestamp":1614147325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["In the Eye of the Covid-19 Storm: A Web-Based Survey of Psychological Distress Among People Living in Lombardy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Saita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Facchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Molgora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8590","article-title":"COVID-19, lockdown, and intimate partner violence: some data from an Italian service and suggestions for future approaches.","volume":"29","author":"Barbara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15296","article-title":"The pandemic paradox: the consequences of COVID\u221219 on domestic violence.","volume":"29","author":"Bradbury-Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence.","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010052","article-title":"The Italian COVID-19 psychological research consortium (IT C19PRC): general overview and replication of the UK study.","volume":"10","author":"Bruno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"journal-title":"Perceived Stress Scale.","year":"1994","author":"Cohen","key":"B5"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.30473\/ijohp.2020.52395.1074","article-title":"Psychological consequences of patients with coronavirus (COVID- 19): a qualitative study.","volume":"2","author":"Eisazadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biquart. Iran. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G\u2217Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses.","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/xmpk4","article-title":"COVID-19: risk perception and coping strategies. Results from a survey in Germany.","author":"Gerhold","year":"2020","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"650","article-title":"Diagnosing depression in primary care using self-completed instruments: a UK validation of the PHQ-9 and CORE-OM.","volume":"57","author":"Gilbody","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/7856","article-title":"Perceived risk of COVID-19 pandemic: the role of public worry and trust.","volume":"17","author":"Khosravi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronic J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ\u22129 validity of a brief depression severity measure.","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320925149","article-title":"Human needs in COVID-19 isolation.","volume":"25","author":"Matias","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"235","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire (PHQ) for the screening of psychiatric disorders: a validation study versus the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I (SCID-I).","volume":"9","author":"Mazzotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ital. J. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00415","article-title":"Examining the role of dyadic coping on the marital adjustment of couples undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART).","volume":"10","author":"Molgora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-0132-8","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of three versions of the Italian perceived stress scale.","author":"Mondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30099-2","article-title":"COVID-19 deaths in Lombardy, Italy: data in context.","volume":"5","author":"Odone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12427","article-title":"Exposure to coronaviruavirus news on mainstream media: the role of risk perceptions and depression.","volume":"25","author":"Olagoke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.15821","article-title":"Knowledge, concerns, and behaviors of individuals during the first week of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Italy.","volume":"3","author":"Pagnini","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00228","article-title":"Implications of social support as a self-control resource.","volume":"10","author":"Pilcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7541","article-title":"Closure of universities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff.","volume":"12","author":"Sahu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01660","article-title":"Promoting patient and caregiver engagement to care in cancer.","volume":"7","author":"Saita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383501","article-title":"Social relationships and health: a flashpoint for health policy.","volume":"51","author":"Umberson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720926676","article-title":"Mental health of communities during the Covid-19 pandemic.","volume":"65","author":"Vigo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729","article-title":"Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China.","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233410","article-title":"The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: a web-based survey.","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30090-0","article-title":"Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic.","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.566753\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T06:15:31Z","timestamp":1614147331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.566753\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.566753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.566753","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"article-number":"566753"}}