{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:43:49Z","timestamp":1775148229708,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex-offenders are at risk of criminal recidivism. For the treatment to be truly effective, it must be individualized. For this purpose, an accurate assessment should focus on criminological, psychological, and psychopathological features. The present study compared sex offenders with other offenders on historical experiences (i.e., problems with violence, anti-social behaviors, problems with personal relationships, problems with substance use, traumatic experiences, and parenting style). In addition, given the association between life events and psychopathy, we explored whether the relation between life events and crime type (sexual crime vs. other types of crime) might be moderated by psychopathy traits (interpersonal and affective deficits and antisocial behavior). Eighty-eight sex offenders (76% of whom child molesters) and 102 other offenders were included. The Historical, Clinical and Risk Management - 20 item Version 3 (HCR-20V3) and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) were administered. The scores of the HCR-20V3 Historical scale items were computed to assess life events. The scores of the PCL-R factors, F1 Interpersonal affective deficits and F2 Antisocial behavior, were recorded. The presence of a history of problems with non-intimate relationships was the only significant risk factor for sexual crime compared with other crimes. Interpersonal and affective deficits provided an increased likelihood of being sex offenders as compared with other offenders when problems with non-intimate relationships were possibly\/partially or certainly present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.600370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T05:32:22Z","timestamp":1629783142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Non-intimate Relationships and Psychopathic Interpersonal and Affective Deficits as Risk Factors for Criminal Career: A Comparison Between Sex Offenders and Other Offenders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fabio","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Carabellese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Schimmenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Mandarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Gualtieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felice","family":"Carabellese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Catanesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Coluccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb05382.x","article-title":"Psychopathy and psychopathological profiles in prisoners on remand.","volume":"99","author":"Andersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229876","article-title":"Impulsive and premeditated aggression in male offenders with antisocial personality disorder.","volume":"15","author":"Azevedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01725","article-title":"Forgiving adolescents: far from depression, close to well-being.","volume":"10","author":"Barcaccia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.02.001","article-title":"The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: a meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063208315352","article-title":"An Exploratory Evaluation of the Contribution of Personality and Childhood Sexual Victimization to the Development of Sexually Abusive Behavior.","volume":"20","author":"Burton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex. Abuse"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809333610","article-title":"The prediction of violence in adult offenders: a meta-analytic comparison of instruments and methods of assessment.","volume":"36","author":"Campbell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.12.023","article-title":"A serial killer of elderly women: analysis of a multi-victim homicide investigation.","volume":"185","author":"Campobasso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14450","article-title":"Women and Men who Committed Murder: male\/Female Psychopathic Homicides.","volume":"65","author":"Carabellese","year":"","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"229","article-title":"Il trattamento giudiziario del sex offender: vecchi limiti, nuove opportunit\u00e0.","volume":"14","author":"Carabellese","year":"","journal-title":"Ital. J. Criminol."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"70","article-title":"La gestione degli autori di reati sessuali tra psicopatologia e rischio di recidiva. Prospettive trattamentali.","volume":"2","author":"Carabellese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rassegna Ital. di Criminol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00897","article-title":"Compatibility Between Mental Disorder and Mental Capacity: analysis of a Particolar Case of Group Sexual Homicide.","volume":"53","author":"Carabellese","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x16688978","article-title":"Does Violence in Adolescence Differentially Predict Offending Patterns in Early Adulthood?","volume":"62","author":"Cardwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"B13","author":"Caretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"HCR 20-3 Checklist per la valutazione del rischio di recidiva di un crimine violento. Adattamento Italiano."},{"key":"B14","author":"Caretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"PCL-R. Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000263","article-title":"Predictive validity of HCR-20, START, and static-99R assessments in predicting institutional aggression among sexual offenders.","volume":"42","author":"Cartwright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7347\/RIC.NS2019","article-title":"The new residential forensic psychiatric system (REMS): a one-year population study.","volume":"13","author":"Catanesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Criminol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1926","article-title":"Assessment of psychiatric disorders among sex offenders: prevalence and associations with criminal history.","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crim. Behav. Ment. Health"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"29","article-title":"Incidenza e fattori di rischio per disturbi psicotici nelle popolazioni migranti in Europa: una meta-analisi di studi trasversali.","volume":"9","author":"Coluccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital. J. Criminol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017902016010024","article-title":"Online romance scams: relational dynamics and psychological characteristics of the victims and scammers. A scoping review.","volume":"16","author":"Coluccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"B20","author":"Douglas","year":"2013","journal-title":"HCR-20V3. Assessing Risk for Violence."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104035","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse is significantly associated with subsequent sexual offending: new evidence among federal correctional clients.","volume":"95","author":"Drury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v65n0302","article-title":"Psychiatric and legal features of 113 men convicted of sexual offenses.","volume":"65","author":"Dunsieth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2018.1551501","article-title":"Young adult sexual offenders with emerging personality disorders: developmental and offence-related characteristics and treatment engagement.","volume":"25","author":"Eastman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sex. Aggress."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13024","article-title":"The prevalence of mental disorders in incarcerated contact sexual offenders.","volume":"139","author":"Eher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101752","article-title":"Does specialized psychological treatment for offending reduce recidivism? A meta-analysis examining staff and program variables as predictors of treatment effectiveness.","volume":"73","author":"Gannon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2018.07.006","article-title":"Emotion regulation, mindfulness, and alexithymia: specific or general impairments in sexual, violent, and homicide offenders?","volume":"58","author":"Gillespie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260803800211","article-title":"Substance use, drug treatment, and crime: an examination of intra-individual variation in a drug court population.","volume":"38","author":"Gottfredson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa7003_2","article-title":"Reliability of File-Based Retrospective Ratings of Psychopathy With the PCL-R.","volume":"70","author":"Grann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.12.007","article-title":"Criminal behaviour and violent crimes in former inpatients with affective disorder.","volume":"117","author":"Graz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affec. Disord."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017902016010036","article-title":"Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Prisoners\u2019 Offspring: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Gualtieri","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"e97","article-title":"Clinical risk management in High-Security Forensic Psychiatry Residences. Protecting patients and health professionals: perspectives and critical issues of the Law 81\/2014.","volume":"171","author":"Gualtieri","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"B32","author":"Hanson","year":"2009","journal-title":"A Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Treatment for Sexual Offenders: Risk, Need, and Responsivity."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.6.1154","article-title":"The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: a meta-analysis of recidivism studies.","volume":"73","author":"Hanson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.1.1","article-title":"Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: construct validity and assessment implications.","volume":"1","author":"Hare","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"58","article-title":"The PCL-R Assessment of Psychopathy: development, Structural Properties, and New Directions","author":"Hare","year":"2006","journal-title":"Handbook of Psychopathy"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X16652452","article-title":"Field Inter-Rater Reliability of the Psychopathy Checklist\u2013Revised.","volume":"62","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316x.2016.1258467","article-title":"Field validity of the HCR-20 in forensic medium security units in Flanders.","volume":"23","author":"Jeandarme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Crime Law."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320301500403","article-title":"Principles and techniques for maximizing the effectiveness of group therapy with sex offenders.","volume":"15","author":"Jennings","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex. Abuse"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.07.004","article-title":"Sexual abuse history among adult sex offenders and non-sex offenders: a meta-analysis.","volume":"33","author":"Jespersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/15228932.2016.1196102","article-title":"Critique of the Historical Clinical Risk\u201320, Version 3, Risk Assessment Instrument.","volume":"16","author":"Judges","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Forensic Psychol. Pract."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-006-9008-9","article-title":"Childhood Behavior and Adult Criminality: cluster Analysis in a Prospective Study of African Americans.","volume":"22","author":"Juon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2013.780259","article-title":"Psychopathic traits in a representative sample of Finnish male prisoners.","volume":"68","author":"J\u00fcriloo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019618","article-title":"Do core interpersonal and affective traits of PCL-R psychopathy interact with antisocial behavior and disinhibition to predict violence?","volume":"22","author":"Kennealy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-010-9243-3","article-title":"Are secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy more reactively violent and less psychosocially mature than primary variants?","volume":"35","author":"Kimonis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-016-0873-5","article-title":"Relations Between Self-Reported Adverse Events in Childhood and Hypersexuality in Adult Male Sexual Offenders.","volume":"46","author":"Kingston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Sex. Behav."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.11.006","article-title":"Substance misuse and substance use disorders in sex offenders: a review.","volume":"31","author":"Kraanen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00304-0","article-title":"Developmental risk factors for sexual offending.","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-007-9096-6","article-title":"A large-scale meta-analysis relating the hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct.","volume":"32","author":"Leistico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063208326072","article-title":"Perceptions of sex offenders about treatment: satisfaction and engagement in group therapy.","volume":"21","author":"Levenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex. Abuse"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063214535819","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Lives of Male Sex Offenders: implications for Trauma-Informed Care.","volume":"28","author":"Levenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex. Abuse"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030432","article-title":"Violent and Non-Violent Criminal Behavior among Young Chinese Drug Users: a Mixed Methods Study.","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment decision-making capacity in non-consensual psychiatric treatment: a multicentre study.","volume":"9","author":"Mandarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1708\/3000.30006","article-title":"Analisi comparativa dei profili di personalit\u00e0 di pazienti affetti da disturbo borderline e detenuti con diagnosi di disturbo antisociale di personalit\u00e0 ottenuti tramite l\u2019MMPI-2.","volume":"53","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Riv. Psichiatr."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9193-0","article-title":"Developmental risk factor research and sexual offending against children: a review of some methodological issues.","volume":"37","author":"McMillan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-369399-3\/00175-0","article-title":"Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology","author":"Myers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0744-y","article-title":"Social skills and psychopathic traits in maltreated adolescents.","volume":"25","author":"Ometto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.04.005","article-title":"Sex offending and social anxiety: a systematic review.","volume":"24","author":"Porter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"181","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder secondary to manic episodes with hypersexuality in bipolar disorder: a case study of forensic psychotherapy.","volume":"17","author":"Pozza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025213","article-title":"The \u2018Hikikomori\u2019 syndrome: worldwide prevalence and co-occurring major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.","volume":"9","author":"Pozza","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.09.056","article-title":"Drop-out and efficacy of group versus individual cognitive behavioural therapy: what works best for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparisons.","volume":"258","author":"Pozza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"270","article-title":"- Victim and Victimizer: the Role of Traumatic Experiences as Risk Factors for Sexually Abusive Behavior.","volume":"49","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.5.786","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in pedophilic sex offenders.","volume":"156","author":"Raymond","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/12-072","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: how long must we live before we possess our own lives?","volume":"17","author":"Reavis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191110378482","article-title":"Scoring subjectivity and item performance on measures used to assess violence risk: the PCL-R and HCR-20 as exemplars.","volume":"18","author":"Rufino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.928","article-title":"Treatment of psychopathy: a review and brief introduction to the mental model approach for psychopathy.","volume":"28","author":"Salekin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. Law"},{"key":"B66","article-title":"Child maltreatment and psychopathy","author":"Schimmenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"The International Handbook of Psychopathic Disorders and the Law, Volume I: Diagnosis and Treatment, Second Edition"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854813486887","article-title":"Exposure to violence within home and community environments and psychopathic tendencies in detained adolescents.","volume":"40","author":"Schraft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2021.1931721","article-title":"Empathy in paedophilia and sexual offending against children: a longitudinal extension.","author":"Schuler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sex. Aggress."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019700","article-title":"What is so special about male adolescent sexual offending? A review and test of explanations through meta-analysis.","volume":"136","author":"Seto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-016-0130-7","article-title":"Emotional dysregulation and trauma predicting psychopathy dimensions in female and male juvenile offenders.","volume":"10","author":"Sevecke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2016.02.042","article-title":"Early parenting styles and sexual offending behavior: a comparative study.","volume":"46","author":"Sigre-Leir\u00f3s","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2020.1857425","article-title":"Dysfunctional Personality Traits and Demographic Variables Associated with Violence Risk in Male Sexual Offenders: a Study on Italian Adult Inmates.","volume":"32","author":"Somma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic Psychiatry Psychol."},{"key":"B73","author":"Tonry","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drugs and Crime."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2017-102745","article-title":"HCR-20 shows poor field validity in clinical forensic psychiatry settings.","volume":"20","author":"Tully","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Ment. Health"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.628","article-title":"Relating psychiatric disorders, offender and offence characteristics in a sample of adolescent sex offenders and non-sex offenders.","volume":"17","author":"Van Wijk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crim. Behav. Ment. Health"},{"key":"B76","first-page":"32 3","article-title":"Risk reduction treatment of psychopathy and applications to mentally disordered offenders","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Violence in Psychiatry"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020473","article-title":"The efficacy of violence prediction: a meta-analytic comparison of nine risk assessment tools.","volume":"136","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100989","article-title":"Treatment of sexual offenders: research, best practices, and emerging models.","volume":"8","author":"Yates","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Consult. Ther."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.600370\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T22:48:40Z","timestamp":1673131720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.600370\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.600370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.600370","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"article-number":"600370"}}