{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:45:15Z","timestamp":1791517515269,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the aim of ascertaining if child-to-parent offenders have impairments in the executive functions and psychological maladjustment, and to quantify the potential harm and epidemiology, a field study was designed. As for this, 76 juvenile offenders sentenced for child-to-parent violence were assessed in executive functions (Stroop tasks) and psychological adjustment (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent, MMPI-A). The results showed valid responses for 75 juveniles and that data were not generally biased in line with defensiveness or malingering (differential diagnosis in justice juvenile evaluations). In psychological adjustment, the results revealed a significantly higher maladjustment among offenders on all the basic clinical scales with 23% more symptoms of hysteria than the normative population, 37% more of depressive symptoms, 44% more of hypochondriac symptoms, 68% more of psychopathic deviation symptoms, 46% more of paranoid symptoms, 26% more of psychasthenic symptoms, 24% more symptoms of schizophrenia, 17% more symptoms of hypomania, and 13% more symptoms of social introversion. Epidemiologically, the prevalence rates of clinical deterioration were significantly greater than expected (0.05 in normative sample) in hypochondria (28.0%), depression (29.3%), hysteria (29.3%), psychopathic deviation (60%), paranoia (30.7%), psychasthenia (22.7%), and schizophrenia (25.3%). As for the cognitive functions, the offenders exhibited impairments estimated at 62.0% in word reading, 47.9% in color naming, 45.8% in color-word, and 11.9% in interference and a significantly higher prevalence of caseness than expected in word reading (65%), color naming (71%), and color-word (70.2%). The implications of the results for intervention are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.616855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T06:43:30Z","timestamp":1617950610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Evaluation of the Executive Functioning and Psychological Adjustment of Child-to-Parent Offenders: Epidemiology and Quantification of Harm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Fandi\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Basanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Sanmarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Fari\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Edn","year":"2000"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th Edn","year":"2013"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Evaluaci\u00f3n del da\u00f1o psicol\u00f3gico: Psicometr\u00eda, entrevista y t\u00e9cnica forense [Assessment of psychological harm: Psychometry, interview and forensic technique]235244\n            ArceR.\n          \n            CarbonellE.\n            PinedaD.\n            NovoM.\n          Santiago de CompostelaSociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Psicolog\u00eda Jur\u00eddica y ForensePsicolog\u00eda jur\u00eddica: Ciencia y profesi\u00f3n. Colecci\u00f3n Psicolog\u00eda y Ley, n\u00b0 152018"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5093\/pi2020a11","article-title":"Are interventions with batterers effective? A meta-analytical review","volume":"29","author":"Arce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychosoc. Interv."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rips.2015.04.002","article-title":"Da\u00f1o psicol\u00f3gico en casos de v\u00edctimas de violencia de g\u00e9nero: Un estudio comparativo de las evaluaciones forenses [Psychological injury in intimate partner violence cases: a contrastive analysis of forensic measures]","volume":"6","author":"Arce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Psicolog\u00eda y Salud"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.428771","article-title":"Treatment efficacy on the cognitive competence of convicted intimate partner violence offenders","volume":"36","author":"Arias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda\/Ann. Psychol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.12.024","article-title":"Risk-Need-Responsivity Model: contrasting criminogenic and noncriminogenic needs in high and low risk juvenile offenders","volume":"85","author":"Basanta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191109338264","article-title":"A review of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory\u2014Adolescent (MMPI-A) and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) with an emphasis on juvenile justice samples","volume":"16","author":"Baum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.01.015","article-title":"An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis: mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities","volume":"60","author":"Beaudry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-020-00142-8","article-title":"A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized evaluations of the effect of child social skills training on antisocial development","author":"Beelmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dev. Life-Course Criminol"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"MMPI-A: Manual","author":"Butcher","year":"2003"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20118","article-title":"Exploring the unity and diversity of the neural substrates of executive functioning","volume":"25","author":"Collette","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01545","article-title":"What and how much do children lose in academic settings owing to parental separation?","volume":"8","author":"Corr\u00e1s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.411301","article-title":"The behavioral specificity of child-to-parent violence","volume":"36","author":"Cortina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda\/Ann. Psychol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0822-9","article-title":"Do neurocognitive deficits in decision making differentiate conduct disorder subtypes?","volume":"25","author":"Fanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Ruedas de identificaci\u00f3n: De la simulaci\u00f3n y la realidad [Lineups: a comparision of high fidelity research and research in a real context]395402\n            Fari\u00f1aF.\n            ArceR.\n            RealS.\n          Psicothema61994"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2014.30","article-title":"Assessment of the standard forensic procedure for the evaluation of psychological injury in intimate-partner violence","volume":"17","author":"Fari\u00f1a","year":"2014","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5093\/ejpalc2019a4","article-title":"Child-to-parent violence and parent-to-child violence: a meta-analytic review","volume":"11","author":"Gallego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Appl. Legal Context"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 Update","author":"George","year":"2010"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Stroop: Test de colores y palabras","author":"Golden","year":"2005"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"MMPI-2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology. 5th Edn","author":"Graham","year":"2011"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"The MMPI-2\/MMPI-2-RF: An Interpretive Mannual. 3rd Edn","author":"Greene","year":"2011"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5093\/ejpalc2018a10","article-title":"Rapists and child abusers share low levels in executive updating, but do not in fluid reasoning","volume":"11","author":"Herrero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Appl. Legal Context"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5093\/ejpalc2020a2","article-title":"Multivariate models of child-to-mother violence and child-to-father violence among adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Hoyo-Bilbao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychology Appl. Legal Context"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9040-z","article-title":"The elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding","volume":"17","author":"Jurado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-012-9159-7","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of young offender treatment programs in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Koehler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Criminol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2013.10.008","article-title":"Investigating cognitive flexibility as a potential mechanism of mindfulness in generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.428531","article-title":"Gender differences in child to parent violence risk factors","volume":"36","author":"Loinaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda\/Ann. Psychol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5093\/ejpalc2020a5","article-title":"Assessing risk and protective factors in clinical and judicial child-to-parent violence cases","volume":"12","author":"Loinaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Appl. Legal Context"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195290","article-title":"Working memory and Stroop interference: an individual differences investigation","volume":"30","author":"Long","year":"2002","journal-title":"Memory Cogn"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.23923\/j.rips.2020.02.040","article-title":"Dating violence victimization, perceived gravity in dating violence behaviors, sexism, romantic love myths and emotional dependence between female and male adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Marcos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Psicolog\u00eda y Salud"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.428631","article-title":"Needs analysis for the personal, social, and psychological adjustment of adolescents at risk of delinquency and juvenile offenders","volume":"36","author":"Mayorga-Sierra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda\/Ann. Psychol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1993","article-title":"Impaired executive function in 14-to 16-year-old boys with conduct disorder is related to recidivism: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"27","author":"Miura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crim. Behav. Mental Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-005-1646-y","article-title":"Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder","volume":"29","author":"Mogg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognit. Ther. Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.23923\/j.rips.2018.02.020","article-title":"Son los criterios de realidad v\u00e1lidos para clasificar y discernir entre memorias de hechos auto-experimentados y de eventos vistos en v\u00eddeo? [Are the reality criteria valid to classify and to discriminate between memories of self-experienced events and memories of video-observed events?]","volume":"9","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Psicolog\u00eda y Salud"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00096-8","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function","volume":"20","author":"Morgan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288700","article-title":"On the reliability of a weighted composite","volume":"8","author":"Mosier","year":"1943","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2018.299","article-title":"Assessing the effects of a parental separation education program on mental health problems","volume":"31","author":"Novo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x","article-title":"Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2014.09.002","article-title":"Analysis of response patterns on the MMPI-2 in psychiatric prison inmates","volume":"15","author":"Osuna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5093\/ejpalc2020a1","article-title":"Parenting styles and aggressive adolescents: relationships with self-esteem and personal maladjustment","volume":"12","author":"Perez-Gramaje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Appl. Legal Context"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.35.1.338381","article-title":"A meta-analytical review of the responses in the MMPI-2\/MMPI-2-RF clinical and restructured scales of parents in child custody dispute","volume":"35","author":"Redondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda\/Ann. Psychol."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"18","article-title":"Detection strategies for malingering and defensiveness","volume-title":"Clinical Assessment of Malingering and Deception, 4rd Edn","author":"Rogers","year":"2018"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.74.2.166","article-title":"A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect","volume":"74","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483398105","volume-title":"Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Errors and Bias in Research Findings. 3th Edn","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015"},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Patterns of Child Rearing.","author":"Sears","year":"1957"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/17405620701669871","article-title":"The frontal lobe and aggression","volume":"6","author":"S\u00e9guin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.11.001","article-title":"Sixty years of child-to-parent abuse research: what we know and where to go","volume":"38","author":"Simmons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.23923\/j.rips.2020.01.034","article-title":"Beneficios de las intervenciones basadas en la atenci\u00f3n plena para el tratamiento de s\u00edntomas ansiosos en ni\u00f1os y adolescentes: meta-an\u00e1lisis [Benefits of mindfulness-based symptoms for the treatment of anxious symptoms in children and adolescents: meta-analysis]","volume":"11","author":"Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Psicolog\u00eda y Salud"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"Forensic-clinical interview: reliability and validity for the evaluation of psychological injury121\n            Vilari\u00f1oM.\n            ArceR.\n            Fari\u00f1aF.\n          Eur. J. Psychol. Appl. Legal Context52013"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.01.005","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between mental disorders and juvenile recidivism","volume":"33","author":"Wibbelink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.03.012","article-title":"Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.616855\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T06:43:46Z","timestamp":1617950626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.616855\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.616855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.616855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"article-number":"616855"}}