{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:21:45Z","timestamp":1753892505840,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many studies imply causal links between linguistic competencies and Theory of Mind (ToM). But despite Dyslexia being a prime example of linguistic deficits, studies on whether it is related to ToM have been relatively unforthcoming. In the first of 2 studies (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 89), independently-diagnosed dyslexic adults and non-dyslexic adults were presented with false-belief vignettes via computer, answering 4 types of question (Factual, Inference, 1st-order ToM &amp;amp; 2nd-order ToM). Dyslexia related to lower false-belief scores. Study 2 (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 93) replicated this result with a non-computer-based variant on the false-belief task. We considered the possibility that the apparent-issue with ToM is caused by processing demands more associated to domains of cognition such as language, than to ToM itself. Addressing this possibility, study 2 additionally utilised the ToM30Q questionnaire, designed largely to circumvent issues related to language and memory. Principal-Components analysis extracted 4 factors, 2 capturing perceptual\/representational ToM, and the other 2 capturing affective components related to ToM. The ToM30Q was validated via its associations to a published measure of empathy, replication of the female gender advantage over males, and for one factor from the ToM30Q there was a correlation with an existing published index of ToM. However, when we considered the performance of dyslexic and non-dyslexic participants using the ToM30Q, we found absolutely no difference between them. The contrasting findings from our 2 studies here, arguably offer the first experimental evidence with adults, that there is in fact no ToM deficit in dyslexia. Additionally, this finding raises the possibility that some other groups considered in some sense atypical, failed ToM tasks, not because they actually have a ToM deficit at all, but rather because they are asked to reveal their ToM competence through cognitive domains, such as language and memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.621457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T06:31:45Z","timestamp":1624516305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Language Can Obscure as Well as Facilitate Apparent-Theory of Mind Performance: Part 2\u2014The Case of Dyslexia in Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Barlow C.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernice A. L.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.10.233","article-title":"Working memory and study skills: a comparison between dyslexic and non-dyslexic adult learners. The 9th international conference on cognitive science","volume":"97","author":"Abd Ghani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01401","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1401","article-title":"Impaired empathy but no theory of mind deficits in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"9","author":"Abdel-Hamid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(00)00014-9","article-title":"Do triangles play tricks? Attribution of one mental states to animated shapes in normal and abnormal development","volume":"15","author":"Abell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.11.012","article-title":"Schizotypy and mentalizing: an fMRI study","volume":"124","author":"Acosta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1087-7","article-title":"Executive function mechanisms of theory of mind","volume":"41","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.35.5.1311","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the relation between language and theory-of-mind development","volume":"35","author":"Astington","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/mbe.12230","article-title":"Theory of mind and language in childhood epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Bailey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mind Brain Educ."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2014.03.001","article-title":"Eyes and IQ: a meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and \u201creading the mind in the eyes\u201d","volume":"44","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169185","article-title":"The development and validation of the empathy components questionnaire (ECQ)","volume":"12","author":"Batchelder","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2005.06.004","article-title":"Responding to the emotions of others: dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations","volume":"14","author":"Blair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(00)00096-2","article-title":"Two reasons to abolish the false belief task as a test of theory of mind","volume":"77","author":"Bloom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414521665","article-title":"Working memory in children with learning disabilities in reading versus spelling: searching for overlapping and specific cognitive factors","volume":"48","author":"Brandenbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1992.4.2.107","article-title":"A neuroethological framework for the representation of minds","volume":"4","author":"Brothers","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.08.001","article-title":"Theory of mind evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology","volume":"30","author":"Br\u00fcne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2012.02.017","article-title":"The power of being heard: The benefits of 'perspective-giving' in the context of intergroup conflict","volume":"48","author":"Bruneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1162\/posc.2008.16.2.160","article-title":"Experimenting in relation to Piaget: Education is a chaperoned process of adaptation","volume":"16","author":"Burman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1588","article-title":"Pragmatic competence and its relationship with the linguistic and cognitive profile of young adults with dyslexia","volume":"24","author":"Cappelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2017.1297946","article-title":"Pragmatics of language and theory of mind in children with dyslexia with associated language difficulties or nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"7","author":"Cardillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Child"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00333","article-title":"Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind","volume":"72","author":"Carlson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910600992239","article-title":"Fetal testosterone and empathy: evidence from the empathy quotient (EQ) and the \u201cReading the Mind in the Eyes\u201d test","volume":"1","author":"Chapman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9507.00183","article-title":"Is there a gender difference in false belief development?","volume":"11","author":"Charman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Dev."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8527.00223","article-title":"Classroom studies into cognitive style in mathematics for pupils with dyslexia in special education in the Netherlands, Ireland and the UK","volume":"28","author":"Chinn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"49","article-title":"Stress factors in the adolescent","volume-title":"Dyslexia and Stress","author":"Chinn","year":"1995"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001","article-title":"Empathy: gender effects in brain and behaviour","volume":"46","author":"Christov-Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.02.016","article-title":"Global vascular guideline on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia","volume":"69","author":"Conte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.015","article-title":"Two-levels of mental states attribution: From automaticity to voluntariness","volume":"43","author":"Coricelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/5.3.266","article-title":"The impact of sign language on the cognitive development of deaf children: the case of theory of mind","volume":"5","author":"Courtin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Deaf Stud. Deaf Educ."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-018-9597-x","article-title":"Assessing autism spectrum disorder in people with sensory impairments combined with intellectual disabilities","volume":"30","author":"de Vaan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dev. Phys. Disabil."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(02)00073-4","article-title":"Complements to cognition: a longitudinal study of the relationship between complex syntax and false-belief understanding","volume":"17","author":"de Villiers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.025","article-title":"Physicians down-regulate their pain empathy response: an event-related brain potential study","volume":"50","author":"Decety","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315537375","volume-title":"Growing Minds: A Developmental Theory of Intelligence, Brain, and Education","author":"Demetrious","year":"2018"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00752.x","article-title":"Rapid naming deficits in dyslexia: a stumbling block for the perceptual anchor theory of dyslexia","volume":"11","author":"Di Filippo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081279","article-title":"Using fiction to assess mental state understanding: a new task for assessing theory of mind in adults","volume":"8","author":"Dodell-Feder","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.10.025","article-title":"Age effects on different components of theory of mind","volume":"20","author":"Duval","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.104739","article-title":"Theory of mind, language, and reading developmental relations from early childhood to early adolescence","volume":"191","author":"Ebert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-3973(03)00024-8","article-title":"Executive functioning and theory of mind in children clinically referred for attention and behavior problems","volume":"24","author":"Fahie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"volume-title":"Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics: And Sex and Drugs and Rock \u201cn\u201d Roll, 4th Edn","year":"2013","author":"Field","key":"B37"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2012.02.002","article-title":"Sex differences in components of imagined perspective transformation","volume":"140","author":"Gardner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.11.016","article-title":"Theory of mind and verbal working memory deficits in parents of autistic children","volume":"166","author":"Gokcen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.05.001","article-title":"Towards a neuroscience of empathy: ontogeny, phylogeny, brain mechanisms, context and psychopathology","volume":"37","author":"Gonzalez-Liencres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf079","article-title":"Theory of mind in patients with frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: theoretical and practical implications","volume":"125","author":"Gregory","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.333","article-title":"Pragmatic abilities in adults with and without dyslexia: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Griffiths","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.11.004","article-title":"The contribution of theory of mind, counterfactual reasoning, and executive function to pre-readers' language comprehension and later reading awareness and comprehension in elementary school","volume":"144","author":"Guajardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2013.04.003","article-title":"Children's use of referring expressions in spontaneous discourse: Implications for theory of mind development","volume":"56","author":"Gundel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pragmat."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-6962.1995.tb00739.x","article-title":"Epistemic closure principles","volume":"33","author":"Hales","year":"1995","journal-title":"South. J. Philos."},{"volume-title":"Children and Emotion: The Development of Psychological Understanding","year":"1989","author":"Harris","key":"B46"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(02)00054-9","article-title":"What do you think I think you think? Strategic reasoning in matrix Games?","volume":"85","author":"Hedden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.01.014","article-title":"Theory of mind performances in first-episode schizophrenia patients: an 18-month follow-up study","volume":"261","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313497538","article-title":"The coherence of autism","volume":"18","author":"Hobson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.011","article-title":"Differential role of the orbital frontal lobe in emotional versus cognitive perspective-taking","volume":"44","author":"Hynes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.11.022","article-title":"Empathy, sex and fluid intelligence as predictors of theory of mind","volume":"54","author":"Ibanez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspect. Ind. Diff."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.12.006","article-title":"Theory of mind in middle childhood and early adolescence: Different from before?","volume":"149","author":"Im-Bolter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/6.3.161","article-title":"Language facility and theory of mind development in deaf children","volume":"6","author":"Jackson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Deaf Stud. Deaf Educ."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.278","article-title":"Working memory: its role in dyslexia and other specific learning difficulties","volume":"10","author":"Jeffries","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"volume-title":"Principal Component Analysis, Vol. 2","year":"2002","author":"Jolliffe","key":"B55"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","article-title":"An index of factorial simplicity","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447403400115","article-title":"Little jiffy, mark IV","volume":"34","author":"Kaiser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00042","article-title":"A new \u2018advanced' test of theory of mind: evidence from children and adolescence with Asberger syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Kaland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2012.10.047","article-title":"Memory performance of dyslexic adults in virtual environments. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Software Development for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (DSAI 2012)","volume":"14","author":"Kalyvioti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00008-3","article-title":"Theory of mind deficits in bipolar affective disorder","volume":"73","author":"Kerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(03)00064-7","article-title":"Limits on theory of mind use in adults","volume":"89","author":"Keysar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.104813","article-title":"Theory of mind mediates the relations of language and domain-general cognitions to discourse comprehension","volume":"194","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.07.037","article-title":"Auditory and visual stream segregation in children and adults: an assessment of the amodality assumption of the \u2018sluggish attentional shifting' theory of dyslexia","volume":"1302","author":"Lallier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.07.017","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and symbolic play in pre-schoolers with autism","volume":"6","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spect. Disord."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.10.001","article-title":"Core mechanisms in \u2018theory of mind'","volume":"8","author":"Leslie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118963418.childpsy211","article-title":"The development of play","volume":"2","author":"Lillard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Process."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12227","article-title":"The contribution of symbolic skills to the development of an explicit theory of mind","volume":"85","author":"Lillard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.2.523","article-title":"Theory of mind development in Chinese children: a meta-analysis of false-belief understanding across cultures and languages","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2015.1093930","article-title":"Relations between theory of mind, mental state language and social adjustment in primary-school children","volume":"13","author":"Longobardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00694","article-title":"Understanding theory of mind in children who are deaf","volume":"41","author":"Marschark","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1012491","article-title":"Executive and attentional contributions to theory of mind deficit in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"22","author":"Mary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B72","first-page":"468","article-title":"Relations of children's social status to their emotionality and regulation: a short-term longitudinal study","volume":"45","author":"Maszk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Merrill Palm. Q."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.12.011","article-title":"Domain-general contributions to social reasoning: theory of mind and demonic reasoning re-explored","volume":"102","author":"McKinnon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-012-0500-x","article-title":"Which spatial abilities and strategies predict males' and females' performance in the object perspective test?","volume":"13","author":"Meneghetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Process."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.5.1156","article-title":"Language access to theory of mind reasoning: evidence from deaf children in bilingual and oralist environments","volume":"43","author":"Meristo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(00)00042-3","article-title":"False belief understanding in children with specific language impairment","volume":"34","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01018.x","article-title":"Language and theory of mind: meta-analysis of the relation between language ability and false-belief understanding","volume":"78","author":"Milligan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-15-0038","article-title":"Language variation and theory of mind in typical development: an exploratory study of school-age African American Narrators","volume":"25","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.09.020","article-title":"Lifespan development: the effects of typical aging on theory of mind","volume":"237","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(03)00075-4","article-title":"The relationship between theory of mind and episodic memory: evidence for the development of autonoetic consciousness","volume":"85","author":"Naito","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2008.00277.x","article-title":"Dyslexia: a review of two theories","volume":"91","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.049","article-title":"Theory of mind disturbances in borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"270","author":"N\u00e9meth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262140997.001.0001","volume-title":"Dyslexia, Learning and the Brain","author":"Nicolson","year":"2008"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12462","article-title":"Theory of mind in children with specific language impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Nilsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"volume-title":"Understanding the Representational Mind","year":"1991","author":"Perner","key":"B85"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1348\/026151000165788","article-title":"Factors influencing the development of a theory of mind in blind children","volume":"18","author":"Peterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B87","first-page":"7","article-title":"Working memory in dyslexia","volume-title":"Working Memory and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","author":"Pickering","year":"2006"},{"key":"B88","first-page":"253","article-title":"Perceptual origins and conceptual evidence for theory of mind in apes and children","volume-title":"Natural Theories of Mind: Evolution, Development and Simulation of Everyday Mind Reading","author":"Premack","year":"1991"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360060501","article-title":"Reading comprehension skills of young adults with childhood diagnoses of dyslexia","volume":"36","author":"Ransby","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00021-7","article-title":"Mind-reading ability: beliefs and performance","volume":"37","author":"Realo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-020-00205-x","article-title":"Reading and reading-related skills in adults with dyslexia from different orthographic systems: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1348\/026151005X50663","article-title":"Production of basic emotions by children with congenital blindness: evidence for the embodiment of theory of mind","volume":"24","author":"Roch-Levecq","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963098002844","article-title":"The development of theory of mind in deaf children","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.10.002","article-title":"Do you see what I see? Interpretations of intentional movement in Schizophrenia","volume":"81","author":"Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"volume-title":"The Weschler Objective Reading Dimensions","year":"1993","author":"Rust","key":"B95"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1348\/000712604322779488","article-title":"The effect of social role on theory of mind reasoning","volume":"95","author":"Rutherford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00917.x","article-title":"Executive functioning and preschoolers' understanding of false beliefs, false photographs and false signs","volume":"77","author":"Sabbagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.899974","article-title":"Theory of mind and cognitive processes in aging and Alzheimer type dementia: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Sandoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Ment.Health"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025419866907","article-title":"The longitudinal interplay of emotion understand, theory of mind, and language in the preschool years","volume":"44","author":"Sarmento-Henrique","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.01.001","article-title":"Poor premorbid social functioning and theory of mind deficit in Schizophrenia: evidence of reduced context processing?","volume":"39","author":"Schenkel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"volume-title":"Dyslexia and Other Learning Difficulties: the Facts","year":"1998","author":"Selikowitz","key":"B101"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0909(200007\/09)6:3<178::AID-DYS171>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"The reading comprehension abilities of dyslexic students in higher education","volume":"6","author":"Simmons","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011","article-title":"The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: review of literature and implications for future research","volume":"30","author":"Singer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1348\/026151004X21332","article-title":"How language does (and does not) relate to theory of mind: a longitudinal study of syntax, semantics, working memory and false belief","volume":"23","author":"Slade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-118X(02)00031-4","article-title":"Stereotyped beliefs about desirability: implications for characterizing the child's theory of mind","volume":"21","author":"Terwogt","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030600830999","article-title":"A different story on \u201cTheory of mind\u201d deficit in adults with right hemisphere brain damage","volume":"22","author":"Tompkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2012.694918","article-title":"Siblings, language, and false belief in low-income children","volume":"174","author":"Tompkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.284","article-title":"The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental dyslexia: review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder","volume":"10","author":"Valdois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01324","article-title":"Women now better what other women think and feel: gender effects on mindreading across the adult life span","volume":"2","author":"Wacker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol. Cogn."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3200\/GNTP.166.3.297-312","article-title":"Gender differences in the relationship between young children's Peer-related social competence and individual differences in theory of mind","volume":"166","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327647JCD0204_5","article-title":"Longitudinal relations between 2-year-olds' language and 4-year-olds' theory of mind","volume":"2","author":"Watson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2018.1435413","article-title":"Theory of mind: the state of the art","volume":"15","author":"Wellman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00304","article-title":"Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: the truth about false belief","volume":"72","author":"Wellman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(83)90004-5","article-title":"Beliefs about beliefs: representation and the constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception","volume":"13","author":"Wimmer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00854.x","article-title":"Theory of mind and neurocognitive functioning in patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"12","author":"Wolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2001.2653","article-title":"The role of cues to differential absolute size in children's transitive inferences","volume":"81","author":"Wright","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12085","article-title":"A teacher-centered exploration of the relevance of social factors to theory of mind development","volume":"55","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.621457\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T06:31:57Z","timestamp":1624516317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.621457\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.621457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.621457","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"article-number":"621457"}}