{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T01:33:08Z","timestamp":1781919188512,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychological stress reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic are complex and multifaceted. Research provides evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome (CSS), consisting of (1) worry about the dangerousness of getting infected with SARSCoV2 and coming into contact with infected surfaces, (2) worry concerning the personal socioeconomic consequences of COVID-19, (3) xenophobic fears that SARSCOV2 is being spread by foreigners, (4) COVID-19-related traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., nightmares), and (5) compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking about COVID-19. Little is known about how these symptoms are related to vulnerability and protective personality factors. Based on data from 1,976 US and Canadian adults, we conducted a prospective network analysis in which personality factors were initially assessed at Time 1 and then symptoms of the CSS were assessed at Time 2, 2.5 months later. Results indicated that trait optimism and trait resilience were negatively associated with negative emotionality, suggesting a modulatory (inhibitory) influence. Negative emotionality was positively linked to the narrower traits of intolerance of uncertainty and health anxiety proneness. These narrower traits, in turn, were prospectively linked to symptoms of the CSS. Results suggest that the effects of broad personality traits (e.g., negative emotionality, trait resilience) on symptoms of the CSS were mediated by narrower traits such as the intolerance of uncertainty. Treatment implications are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.632227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T07:49:24Z","timestamp":1619682564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Predicting the Severity of Symptoms of the COVID Stress Syndrome From Personality Traits: A Prospective Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon J. G.","family":"Asmundson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102271","article-title":"Do pre-existing anxiety-related and mood disorders differentially impact COVID-19 stress responses and coping?","volume":"74","author":"Asmundson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anx. Disord."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102326","article-title":"Coronaphobia revisited: a state-of-the-art on pandemic-related fear, anxiety, and stress.","volume":"76","author":"Asmundson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anx. Disord."},{"key":"B3","author":"Barlow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applications of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.","volume":"51","author":"Barron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00982-4","article-title":"Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers.","volume":"10","author":"Barzilay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619859332","article-title":"The p factor and the n factor: associations between the general factors of psychopathology and neuroticism in children.","volume":"7","author":"Brandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","article-title":"Fearing the unknown: a short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale.","volume":"21","author":"Carleton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anx. Disord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.06.030","article-title":"Optimism scale: evidence of psychometric validity in two countries and correlations with personality.","volume":"134","author":"Coelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"key":"B9","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Statistical Power Analyses for the Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113","article-title":"Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).","volume":"18","author":"Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depres. Anx."},{"key":"B11","author":"Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRISC)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.07.012","article-title":"Testing the latent factor structure and construct validity of the ten-item personality inventory.","volume":"47","author":"Ehrhart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","article-title":"Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy.","volume":"50","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000167","article-title":"A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks.","volume":"23","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"953","article-title":"Network psychometrics","author":"Epskamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Handbook of Psychometric Testing"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618813989","article-title":"Decoupling personality and acute psychiatric symptoms in a depressed sample and a community sample.","volume":"7","author":"Fournier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-6566(03)00046-1","article-title":"A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains.","volume":"37","author":"Gosling","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0030222820949350","article-title":"Fear and psychopathology during the COVID-19 crisis: neuroticism, hypochondriasis, reassurance-seeking, and coronaphobia as fear factors.","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"B19","author":"McDonald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Test Theory: A Unified Approach."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000144","article-title":"Thanks coefficient alpha, we\u2019ll take it from here.","volume":"23","author":"McNeish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00461","article-title":"Short scales for the assessment of personality traits: development and validation of the portuguese ten-item personality inventory (TIPI).","volume":"9","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110455","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective mental well-being: the interplay of perceived threat, future anxiety and resilience.","volume":"170","author":"Paredes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000710","article-title":"Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: predictors and mediators of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.","author":"Rettie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702005822","article-title":"The health anxiety inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis.","volume":"32","author":"Salkovskis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B25","author":"Segerstrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Breaking Murphy\u2019s Law: How Optimists Get What They Want From Life\u2014and Pessimists Can Too."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12098","article-title":"Disentangling depression and anxiety in relation to neuroticism, extraversion, suicide, and self\u2212harm among adult psychiatric inpatients with serious mental illness.","volume":"55","author":"Subica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30462-4","article-title":"Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA.","volume":"8","author":"Taquet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinician\u2019s Guide to PTSD"},{"key":"B29","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-021-01226-y","article-title":"COVID stress syndrome: clinical and nosological considerations.","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B31","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Treating Health Anxiety."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23071","article-title":"Covid stress syndrome: concept, structure, and correlates.","volume":"37","author":"Taylor","year":"","journal-title":"Depres. Anx."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102232","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the COVID stress scales.","volume":"72","author":"Taylor","year":"","journal-title":"J. Anx. Disord."},{"key":"B34","author":"Zoellner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Facilitating Resilience and Recovery Following Trauma."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.632227\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1619682576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.632227\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.632227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.632227","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"article-number":"632227"}}