{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:12:08Z","timestamp":1791241928928,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Fear of flying (FoF) is a phobia with 10\u201340% prevalence in the industrialized world. FoF is accompanied by severe economic, social, vocational, and emotional consequences. In recent years, virtual reality (VR)-based exposure therapy (VRET) for FoF has been introduced. Positive long-term efficacy of FoF-VRET has been reported by several studies, which, however, were limited by relatively small, non-representative samples and a lack of comparative pre\/post functional efficacy outcome measures. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a VRET treatment utilizing a large-scale VR system, experienced by a representative sample of self-referred individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    : We conducted a retrospective survey. Of 274 individuals who received the treatment (over a period of 3 years), 209 met inclusion\/criteria, and 98 agreed to participate. We mainly collected information regarding flight activity before and after treatment relying on evidence such as boarding passes and flight tickets. The primary outcome measures were (1) number of flights per month (FpM) and (2) number of flight hours per month (FHpM). For each participant, these outcomes were computed for the post-treatment period (\u22656 months after FoF-VRET) and the corresponding pre-treatment period.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : FpM (mean \u00b1 SD) increased from 0.04 \u00b1 0.06 to 0.16 \u00b1 14 flights (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.0001). FHpM rose from 0.19 \u00b1 0.35 to 0.79 \u00b1 0.87 h per month (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.0001).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    : These results are indicative of FoF-VRET treatment efficacy. Future studies should evaluate long-term maintenance of the treatment effect and thus identify the optimal frequency for delivery of periodic booster treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.641393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T04:48:20Z","timestamp":1623732500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Efficacy of a Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Treatment for Fear of Flying: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Amihai","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen M.","family":"Doniger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomo","family":"Noy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meir","family":"Plotnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S89542","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure-based therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of its efficacy, the adequacy of the treatment protocol, and its acceptability","volume":"11","author":"Botella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.03.007","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy in flight anxiety: a quantitative meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Cardo\u015f","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4485.2016","article-title":"A novel treatment of fear of flying using a large virtual reality system","volume":"87","author":"Czerniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.2277.2008","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of fear of flying","volume":"79","author":"da Costa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/004728758202100104","article-title":"Fear of flying: impact on the US air travel industry","volume":"21","author":"Dean","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4211.2015","article-title":"A cognitive and virtual reality treatment program for the fear of flying","volume":"86","author":"Ferrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. 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Biomed."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1089\/109493103322278844","article-title":"Three-year follow-up for virtual reality exposure for fear of flying","volume":"6","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.641393\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T04:48:28Z","timestamp":1623732508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.641393\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.641393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.641393","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.05.27.118695","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"article-number":"641393"}}