{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:21:19Z","timestamp":1753892479651,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Teachers\u2019 mental health is concerning due to high stress at work. Its association with job-related stressors has been well-documented. Little is known; however, about how traumatic life events and trauma reactions might contribute to their psychological distress. This paper is to explore whether Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following past traumatic event would predict burnout and psychiatric co-morbidity among Chinese k-12 school teachers and whether this prediction would be mediated by forgiveness after controlling for work-related factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and seventy-nine Chinese teachers (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> = 223, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 56) from primary and secondary schools completed demographic information, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educator\u2019s Survey (MBI-ES), and a series of measures assessing work-related factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Structured equation modeling (SEM) showed that after controlling for work-related factors, PTSD following past trauma was positively associated with burnout and general psychological problems but negatively associated with levels of forgiveness. Forgiveness carried the impact of PTSD onto burnout rather than general psychological distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>To conclude, regardless of the level of stress experienced from working in school, primary and secondary teachers with PTSD from past trauma found it more difficult forgiving which in turn could affect their levels of burnout.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.642926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T14:29:06Z","timestamp":1627655346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Post-Traumatic Distress and Burnout Among Chinese School Teachers: The Mediating Role of Forgiveness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yabing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Man Cheung","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.131227","article-title":"Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis.","volume":"204","author":"Alisic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235","article-title":"Burnout and work engagement: the JD\u2013R approach.","volume":"1","author":"Bakker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.01.009","article-title":"The centrality of event scale: a measure of integrating a trauma into one\u2019s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.","volume":"44","author":"Berntsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-0167.48.4.447","article-title":"Forgivingness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health.","volume":"48","author":"Berry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654319862495","article-title":"Special education teacher attrition and retention: a review of the literature.","volume":"89","author":"Billingsley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation.","volume":"28","author":"Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167207310025","article-title":"Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: two longitudinal studies.","volume":"34","author":"Bono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers. Social Psychol. Bullet."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1995.tb01130.x","article-title":"A structural model of the dimensions of teacher stress.","volume":"65","author":"Boyle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334448","article-title":"The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders.","volume":"10","author":"Breslau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trauma ViolenceAbuse"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"140","article-title":"A self-trauma model for treating adult survivors of severe child abuse","author":"Briere","year":"1996","journal-title":"The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191102009003002","article-title":"The inventory of altered self-capacities (IASC) a standardized measure of identity, affect regulation, and relationship disturbance.","volume":"9","author":"Briere","year":"2002","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"journal-title":"Job Demands and Worker Health: Main Effects and Occupational Differences.","year":"1975","author":"Caplan","key":"B12"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2012.12.005","article-title":"Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: the contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness.","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"294","article-title":"Is burnout a syndrome or an occupational disease? Instructions for occupational physicians.","volume":"41","author":"Chirico","year":"","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Prev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-016-0242-7","article-title":"Religious belief and mental health in lay and consecrated Italian teachers.","volume":"56","author":"Chirico","year":"","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030741","article-title":"Burnout syndrome and meta-analyses: need for evidence-based research in occupational health. comments on prevalence of burnout in medical and surgical residents: a meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Chirico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02933","article-title":"Spirituality and prayer on teacher stress and burnout in an Italian cohort: a pilot, before-after controlled study.","volume":"10","author":"Chirico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-016-0687-7","article-title":"Child abuse and psychiatric co-morbidity among Chinese adolescents: emotional processing as mediator and PTSD from past trauma as moderator.","volume":"48","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-016-9446-y","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder following stillbirth: trauma characteristics, locus of control, posttraumatic cognitions.","volume":"88","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Q."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","article-title":"The job demands-resources model of burnout.","volume":"86","author":"Demerouti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.08.006","article-title":"Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression: a 20-year longitudinal study of war veterans.","volume":"123","author":"Ginzburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2007.06.005","article-title":"School climate factors relating to teacher burnout: a mediator model.","volume":"24","author":"Grayson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2174\/1573400512666160505150257","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"12","author":"Hall-Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ausmj.2017.02.001","article-title":"The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling.","volume":"25","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas. Market. J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.6.4.307","article-title":"Social and psychological resources and adaptation.","volume":"6","author":"Hobfoll","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-017-9420-8","article-title":"The effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing teacher burnout: a meta-analysis.","volume":"30","author":"Iancu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"journal-title":"Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma.","year":"1992","author":"Janoff-Bulman","key":"B27"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"30","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth: three explanatory models.","volume":"15","author":"Janoff-Bulman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Inquiry"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164406299102","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 perceptions of school climate: a validity study of scores from the revised school level environment questionnaire.","volume":"67","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv144","article-title":"The relationship between burnout, PTSD symptoms and injuries in firefighters.","volume":"66","author":"Katsavouni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905x90344","article-title":"Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers.","volume":"77","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/0013188870290207","article-title":"Teacher stress and burnout: an international review.","volume":"29","author":"Kyriacou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/00131910120033628","article-title":"Teacher stress: directions for future research.","volume":"53","author":"Kyriacou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educ. Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2012.03.006","article-title":"Chinese teachers\u2019 work stress and their turnover intention.","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1082-989x.1.2.130","article-title":"Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.","volume":"1","author":"MacCallum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031879","article-title":"Concordance between clinician-assessed and self-reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder across three ethnoracial groups.","volume":"5","author":"Macdonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2020.101714","article-title":"Does teacher burnout affect students? A systematic review of its association with academic achievement and student-reported outcomes.","volume":"105","author":"Madigan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.01258","article-title":"Job burnout: new directions in research and intervention.","volume":"12","author":"Maslach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"27","article-title":"Maslach burnout inventory-educators survey (MBI-ES).","volume":"3","author":"Maslach","year":"1996","journal-title":"MBI Manual"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.397","article-title":"Job burnout.","volume":"52","author":"Maslach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20631","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of post traumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome in nurses.","volume":"26","author":"Mealer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.102.2.246","article-title":"A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure.","volume":"102","author":"Mischel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"363","article-title":"Forgiveness in people experiencing trauma","author":"Noll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handbook of Forgiveness"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.11.2.144","article-title":"Why are Hispanics at greater risk for PTSD?","volume":"11","author":"Pole","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cult. Div. Ethnic Minor. Psychol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.5.920","article-title":"The effects of forgiveness therapy on depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress for women after spousal emotional abuse.","volume":"74","author":"Reed","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2307\/2391486","article-title":"Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations.","volume":"15","author":"Rizzo","year":"1970","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/ipp0000029","article-title":"Exposure to violence, posttraumatic stress, and burnout among teachers in El Salvador: testing a mediational model.","volume":"4","author":"Rojas-Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Perspect. Psychol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12089","article-title":"The relationship between teacher burnout and student motivation.","volume":"85","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2008.12.006","article-title":"Does school context matter? Relations with teacher burnout and job satisfaction.","volume":"25","author":"Skaalvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-016-9363-9","article-title":"Still motivated to teach? A study of school context variables, stress and job satisfaction among teachers in senior high school.","volume":"20","author":"Skaalvik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930441000175","article-title":"Forgiveness as a mediator of the relationship between PTSD and hostility in survivors of childhood abuse.","volume":"19","author":"Snyder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.2009.01301.x","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and marital adjustment: the mediating role of forgiveness.","volume":"48","author":"Solomon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Family Process"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.01.003","article-title":"Born to burnout: a meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes.","volume":"76","author":"Swider","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x","article-title":"Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations.","volume":"73","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1348\/000709901158505","article-title":"Stress and strain in teaching: a structural equation approach.","volume":"71","author":"Van Dick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"journal-title":"The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5).","year":"2013","author":"Weathers","key":"B56"},{"journal-title":"Primer on Posttraumatic Growth: An Introduction and Guide.","year":"2012","author":"Werdel","key":"B57"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2013.76.4.365","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder, exposure to interpersonal trauma, and psychiatric comorbidity in urban primary care patients.","volume":"76","author":"Westphal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000029270.47848.e5","article-title":"Posttraumatic mental and physical health correlates of forgiveness and religious coping in military veterans.","volume":"17","author":"Witvliet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/0887044042000196674","article-title":"Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: theory, review, and hypotheses.","volume":"19","author":"Worthington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/10612-019","article-title":"Measuring forgiveness","author":"Yamhure-Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.642926\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T14:29:18Z","timestamp":1627655358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.642926\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.642926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.642926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"article-number":"642926"}}