{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T08:43:54Z","timestamp":1779007434987,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":242,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychology defines personality as the stable traits of an individual, and cognitive research suggests that a set of core beliefs is at the root of these traits. From this perspective, two major questions remain unanswered: (1) What are the core beliefs that make up personality? (2) How are they acquired? An interesting answer is provided by attachment theory, according to which attachment is at the basis of personality. The current theoretical formulation, however, does not sufficiently clarify the relationship between the two. Adopting a cognitive-clinical approach, we put forward a novel version of attachment theory, arguing that it can better account for the relationship between attachment and personality, thereby providing more convincing answers to questions (1) and (2). In particular, we propose that: (A) attachment information is acquired over seven dimensions; (B) the acquisition of each dimension is induced by a specific caregiving feature and (C) realized through a specific acquisition mechanism \u2013 imprinting. In a nutshell, we propose an Attachment-Personality Model (APM) according to which seven attachment dimensions constitute the knowledge core of personality. We finally discuss the significant implications of the model, especially its clinical application in terms of conception, assessment, and treatment of mental disorders. The model can be empirically tested, and we suggest three ways to do that.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.657628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T04:30:02Z","timestamp":1625113802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["How Our Caregivers Shape Who We Are: The Seven Dimensions of Attachment at the Core of Personality"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marcantonio","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Ainsworth","year":"1978","journal-title":"Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.41.3.506","article-title":"Conscience in childhood: old questions, new answers.","volume":"41","author":"Aksan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B3","author":"Alexander","year":"1946","journal-title":"Psychoanalytic Therapy: Principles and Application."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"419","article-title":"The Attachment System in Adolescence","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B5","author":"Amengual","year":"2009","journal-title":"A Computational Model of Attachment Secure Responses in the Strange Situation\u201d. Technical Report TR-09-002."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730010001587","article-title":"Internal working models of attachment during late childhood and early adolescence: an exploration of stability and change.","volume":"2","author":"Ammaniti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470749357","author":"Arciero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Selfhood, Identity and Personality Styles."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(89)90053-5","article-title":"Childhood separation anxiety and panic disorder: a comparative study.","volume":"13","author":"Ayuso","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","author":"Barone","year":"2006","journal-title":"La valutazione Dell\u2019attaccamento Adulto."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.2.226","article-title":"Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model.","volume":"61","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0570-2","article-title":"Abnormal processing of deontological guilt in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder.","volume":"219","author":"Basile","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030372","article-title":"Current patterns of parental authority.","volume":"4","author":"Baumrind","year":"1971","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol. Monogr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1037\/13948-002","article-title":"Authoritative parenting revisited: history and current status","author":"Baumrind","year":"2013","journal-title":"Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing Nurturance and Discipline for Optimal Child Development"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/15295190903290790","article-title":"Effects of preschool Parents\u2019 power assertive patterns and practices on adolescent development.","volume":"10","author":"Baumrind","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parenting"},{"key":"B15","author":"Beck","year":"1967","journal-title":"Depression: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects."},{"key":"B16","author":"Beck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734","article-title":"Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: the generic cognitive model.","volume":"10","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B18","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Basics and Beyond."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"312","article-title":"[Lack of assertiveness in patients with eating disorders].","volume":"134","author":"Behar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.41.2.328","article-title":"Unwilling versus unable: infants\u2019 understanding of intentional action.","volume":"41","author":"Behne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730701455395","article-title":"Depressed and healthy preschoolers\u2019 internal representations of their mothers\u2019 caregiving: associations with observed caregiving behaviors one year later.","volume":"9","author":"Belden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B22","author":"Berne","year":"1972","journal-title":"What do You Say After You Say Hello? The Psychology of Human Destiny."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12236","article-title":"Taking stock of two decades of attachment transmission gap: broadening the assessment of maternal behavior.","volume":"85","author":"Bernier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12063","article-title":"Attachment-informed therapy for adults: towards a unifying perspective on practice.","volume":"89","author":"Berry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/07351692309349028","article-title":"Attachment theory, psychoanalysis, personality development, and psychopathology.","volume":"23","author":"Blatt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoanal. Inq."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00958","article-title":"Theories and explanations in psychology.","volume":"10","author":"Borghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000548","article-title":"Sensitivity to the evaluation of others emerges by 24 months.","volume":"54","author":"Botto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B28","author":"Bowlby","year":"1973","journal-title":"Attachment and LossSeparation: Anxiety and Anger."},{"key":"B29","author":"Bowlby","year":"1980","journal-title":"Attachment and LossLoss: Sadness and Depression."},{"key":"B30","author":"Bowlby","year":"","journal-title":"Attachment and Loss."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1080\/03069885.2016.1262533","article-title":"An investigation into the role of attachment insecurities in obsessive-compulsive symptoms.","volume":"46","author":"Boysan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Guid. Couns."},{"key":"B32","author":"Braitenberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"46","article-title":"Self-report measurement of adult attachment: an integrative overview","author":"Brennan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Attachment Theory and Close Relationships"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203132470-5","article-title":"The roots and growing points of attachment theory","author":"Bretherton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Attachment Across the Life Cycle"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"102","article-title":"Internal working models in attachment relationships: elaborating a central construct in attachment theory","author":"Bretherton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B36","author":"Brown","year":"1978","journal-title":"Social Origins of Depression. A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20098","article-title":"Parent\u2013child attachment and emotion regulation.","volume":"2015","author":"Brumariu","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev."},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Mathematical models of mother\/child attachment,","author":"Buono","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 Fields\u2013MITACS Industrial Problems Workshop"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2012.05.001","article-title":"Orthogonal dreams in an oblique world: a meta-analysis of the association between attachment anxiety and avoidance.","volume":"46","author":"Cameron","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B40","author":"Carcione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curare i Casi Complessi. La terapia Metacognitiva Interpersonale dei Disturbi di Personalit\u00e0."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.11.014","article-title":"The neural basis of eye gaze processing.","volume":"23","author":"Carlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297238007","article-title":"Adult attachment and personality: converging evidence and a new measure.","volume":"23","author":"Carver","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913","article-title":"Personality development: stability and change.","volume":"56","author":"Caspi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"B44","author":"Cassidy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications."},{"key":"B45","author":"Cassidy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications."},{"key":"B46","author":"Cassidy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2016.1261915","article-title":"Categorical and dimensional approaches in the evaluation of the relationship between attachment and personality disorders: an empirical study.","volume":"19","author":"Chiesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16999-6_1964-1","article-title":"The evolutionary ecology of attachment organization.","volume":"7","author":"Chisholm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Nat."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315747231-9","article-title":"Live fast, die young: an evolved response to hostile environments","author":"Chisholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Understanding and Healing Emotional Trauma: Conversations with Pioneering Clinicians and Researchers"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2012.00793.x","article-title":"From the cradle to the grave: age differences in attachment from early adulthood to old age.","volume":"81","author":"Chopik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"143","article-title":"Peer interactions and play in early childhood","author":"Coplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511596544","author":"Corr","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"367","article-title":"Attachment and psychopathology","author":"Crittenden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives"},{"key":"B54","author":"Crittenden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Raising Parents: Attachment, Parenting and Child Safety."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"598","article-title":"Measurement of individual differences in adult attachment","author":"Crowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470752999","author":"Dawson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Minds And Machines: Connectionism And Psychological Modeling."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and attachment: a meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment.","volume":"68","author":"De Wolff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"639","article-title":"Attachment and psychopathology in childhood","author":"DeKlyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment. Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038770","article-title":"Awareness of maladaptive interpersonal schemas as a core element of change in psychotherapy for personality disorders.","volume":"25","author":"Dimaggio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychother. Integr."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-813521-1.00008-4","article-title":"Chapter 8 - Formulation of functioning for avoidant personality disorder in metacognitive interpersonal therapy","author":"Dimaggio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Formulation for Personality Disorders"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-016-9342-7","article-title":"Metacognitive interpersonal therapy for personality disorders: a case study series.","volume":"47","author":"Dimaggio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Psychother."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2009.28.8.1022","article-title":"Adult attachment insecurities are related to obsessive compulsive phenomena.","volume":"28","author":"Doron","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00612.x","article-title":"Can personality be changed? The role of beliefs in personality and change.","volume":"17","author":"Dweck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-009-9063-7","article-title":"Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: the impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies.","volume":"20","author":"Ellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Nat."},{"key":"B65","author":"Engler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personality Theories."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.10.043","article-title":"Attachment and eating: a meta-analytic review of the relevance of attachment for unhealthy and healthy eating behaviors in the general population.","volume":"123","author":"Faber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2003.00023.x","article-title":"Parental attitudes of mothers of patients with panic disorder.","volume":"16","author":"Faravelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1991.tb01411.x","article-title":"Perception of early parenting in panic and agoraphobia.","volume":"84","author":"Faravelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104510364315","article-title":"DMM assessments of attachment and adaptation: procedures, validity and utility.","volume":"15","author":"Farnfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"435","article-title":"Adult romantic attachment. Developments in the study of couple relationships","author":"Feeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.11.007","article-title":"The neurobiology of human attachments.","volume":"21","author":"Feldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000363663","article-title":"What do we know about sensitive periods in human development and How Do we know it?","volume":"57","author":"Fox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0602_03","article-title":"Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: meta-analysis and dynamic modeling of developmental mechanisms.","volume":"6","author":"Fraley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022898","article-title":"The experiences in close relationships\u2014Relationship structures questionnaire: a method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships.","volume":"23","author":"Fraley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000027","article-title":"Are adult attachment styles categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis of general and relationship-specific attachment orientations.","volume":"109","author":"Fraley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.02.008","article-title":"The development of adult attachment styles: four lessons.","volume":"25","author":"Fraley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"B77","first-page":"518","article-title":"Attachment theory and its place in contemporary personality research","author":"Fraley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.3.387","article-title":"Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? A taxometric analysis of strange situation behavior.","volume":"39","author":"Fraley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B79","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research."},{"key":"B80","author":"George","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Adult Attachment Interview."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-018-9404-0","article-title":"Metacognitive interpersonal therapy for personality disorders: the case of a man with obsessive\u2013compulsive personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder.","volume":"49","author":"Gordon-King","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Psychother."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00043","article-title":"The amygdalo-motor pathways and the control of facial expressions.","volume":"8","author":"Gothard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/146167300361318","article-title":"A new method of evaluating attachment representations in young school-age children: the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task.","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B84","author":"Guidano","year":"1987","journal-title":"Complexity of the Self: A Developmental Approach to Psychopathology and Therapy."},{"key":"B85","author":"Guidano","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Self in Process: Toward a Post-Rationalist Cognitive Therapy."},{"key":"B86","author":"Guidano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psicoterapia Cognitiva post-Razionalista. Una ricognizione dalla Teoria alla Clinica."},{"key":"B87","author":"Guidano","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cognitive Processes and Emotional Disorders."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(64)90038-4","article-title":"The genetical evolution of social behaviour.","volume":"7","author":"Hamilton","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0659-68","article-title":"Love in infant monkeys.","volume":"200","author":"Harlow","year":"1959","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1162-136","article-title":"Social deprivation in monkeys.","volume":"207","author":"Harlow","year":"1962","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1037\/h0029383","article-title":"Nature of love - simplified.","volume":"25","author":"Harlow","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3373.421","article-title":"Affectional responses in the infant monkey.","volume":"130","author":"Harlow","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/s0273-2297(02)00500-2","article-title":"Dyadic synchrony: its structure and function in children\u2019s development.","volume":"22","author":"Harrist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"B94","author":"Hart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain, Attachment, Personality: An Introduction to Neuroaffective."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20747","article-title":"Interpersonal problems in eating disorders.","volume":"43","author":"Hartmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1476.003.0016","article-title":"Disorganization of behavioral and attentional strategies toward primary attachment figures: from biologic to dialogic processes","author":"Hennighausen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Attachment and Bonding: A New Synthesis"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5964\/psyct.v8i1.125","article-title":"The evolutionary logic of the obsessive trait complex: obsessive compulsive personality disorder as a complementary behavioral syndrome.","volume":"8","author":"Hertler","year":"","journal-title":"Psychol. Thought"},{"key":"B98","first-page":"207","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive personality disorder as an adaptive anachronism: the operation of Phylogenetic inertia upon obsessive populations in western modernity.","volume":"24","author":"Hertler","year":"","journal-title":"Psychol. Top."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3368.133","article-title":"Imprinting.","volume":"130","author":"Hess","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B100","first-page":"552","article-title":"The adult attachment interview. protocol, method of analysis, and empirical studies","author":"Hesse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B101","first-page":"553","article-title":"The adult attachment interview: protocol, method of analysis, and empirical studies: 1985\u20132015","author":"Hesse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01311.x","article-title":"Looking at eye gaze processing and its neural correlates in infancy\u2014Implications for social development and autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"80","author":"Hoehl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.07.010","article-title":"Emotional development in the context of mother\u2013child relationships.","volume":"17","author":"Hollenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9723-2","article-title":"Multi-domain models of risk factors for depression and anxiety symptoms in preschoolers: evidence for common and specific factors.","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.02.004","article-title":"Neural bases of eye and gaze processing: the core of social cognition.","volume":"33","author":"Itier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-010-0120-x","article-title":"Attachment states of mind in adolescents with Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder and\/or depressive disorders: a controlled study.","volume":"19","author":"Ivarsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00522.x","article-title":"Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facets: a twin study.","volume":"64","author":"Jang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00518","article-title":"A temperament-attachment-mentalization-based (TAM) Theory of Personality and Its Disorders.","volume":"10","author":"Karterud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291799001889","article-title":"Parenting and adult mood, anxiety and substance use disorders in female twins: an epidemiological, multi-informant, retrospective study.","volume":"30","author":"Kendler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B110","first-page":"349","article-title":"Attachment in Middle Childhood","author":"Kerns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929042304796","article-title":"Sensitive periods in the development of the brain and behavior.","volume":"16","author":"Knudsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-385870-2.00021-4","article-title":"Early experience and sensitive periods","author":"Knudsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fundamental Neuroscience"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0501_7","article-title":"Adult attachment: A personality or relationship construct?","volume":"5","author":"Kobak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"B114","first-page":"25","article-title":"Attachment disruptions, reparative processes, and psychopathology: theoretical and clinical implications","author":"Kobak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020381","article-title":"Children\u2019s conscience during toddler and preschool years, moral self, and a competent, adaptive developmental trajectory.","volume":"46","author":"Kochanska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12070893","article-title":"The separation anxiety hypothesis of panic disorder revisited: a meta-analysis.","volume":"170","author":"Kossowsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000336732","article-title":"The development and neurobiology of infant attachment and fear.","volume":"34","author":"Landers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7078.2011.00099.x","article-title":"Infant distress and regulatory behaviors vary as a function of attachment security regardless of emotion context and maternal involvement.","volume":"17","author":"Leerkes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01469.x","article-title":"Perceived parental rearing in subjects with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder and their siblings.","volume":"121","author":"Lennertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000025","article-title":"An attachment theoretical framework for personality disorders.","volume":"56","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Psychol."},{"key":"B121","first-page":"6","article-title":"The self-conscious emotions","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Encyclopedia on Early Development: Emotions"},{"key":"B122","first-page":"196","article-title":"Disorganized\/disoriented attachment in the etiology of the dissociative disorders.","volume":"5","author":"Liotti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dissociation"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.41.4.472","article-title":"Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid.","volume":"41","author":"Liotti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"B124","first-page":"53","article-title":"Attachment and dissociation","author":"Liotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: DSM-V and Beyond"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025422","article-title":"Attachment disorganization and the controlling strategies: an illustration of the contributions of attachment theory to developmental psychopathology and to psychotherapy integration.","volume":"21","author":"Liotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychother. Integr."},{"key":"B126","author":"Liotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sviluppi Traumatici. Eziopatogenesi, Clinica e Terapia della Dimensione Dissociativa."},{"key":"B127","author":"Liotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"L\u2019evoluzione delle Emozioni e dei Sistemi Motivazionali."},{"key":"B128","author":"Liotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"I sistemi motivazionali nel dialogo clinico."},{"key":"B129","author":"Liotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Teoria e Clinica Dell\u2019alleanza Terapeutica. Una Prospettiva Cognitivo-Evoluzionista."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/4078077","article-title":"The companion in the bird\u2019s world.","volume":"54","author":"Lorenz","year":"1937","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-3671-3","author":"Lorenz","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Foundations of Ethology."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.11.2.155","article-title":"Attachment and personality disorders: a short review.","volume":"11","author":"Lorenzini","year":"2013","journal-title":"FOCUS"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.10.105","article-title":"Neural circuitry for accurate identification of facial emotions.","volume":"1194","author":"Loughead","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601443113","article-title":"Preschool is a sensitive period for the influence of maternal support on the trajectory of hippocampal development.","volume":"113","author":"Luby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024298","article-title":"Personality development across the life span: longitudinal analyses with a national sample from Germany.","volume":"101","author":"Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B136","first-page":"666","article-title":"Attachment disorganization: genetic factors, parenting contexts, and developmental transformation from infancy to adulthood","author":"Lyons-Ruth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B137","article-title":"Attachment disorganization from infancy to adulthood. Neurobiological correlates, parenting contexts, and pathways to disorder","author":"Lyons-Ruth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment. Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B138","first-page":"161","article-title":"Parents\u2019 unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and\/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism?","author":"Main","year":"1990","journal-title":"Attachment During the Preschool Years: Theory, Research and Intervention"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2307\/3333827","article-title":"Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: a move to the level of representation","author":"Main","year":"1985","journal-title":"Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50"},{"key":"B140","first-page":"121","article-title":"Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized\/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation","author":"Main","year":"1990","journal-title":"Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407509360905","article-title":"The psychotherapy relationship as attachment: evidence and implications.","volume":"27","author":"Mallinckrodt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relat."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.05.003","article-title":"Deontological guilt and obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"49","author":"Mancini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B143","first-page":"273","article-title":"Normative development. The ontogeny of attachment in childhood","author":"Marvin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0247-z","article-title":"Contextual specificity in the relationship between maternal autonomy support and children\u2019s socio-emotional development: a longitudinal study from preschool to preadolescence.","volume":"44","author":"Matte-Gagn\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"B145","first-page":"60","article-title":"Attachment across the life span: factors that contribute to stability and change.","volume":"11","author":"McConnell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. J. Educ. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203428412","author":"McCrae","year":"2003","journal-title":"Personality in Adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory Perspective."},{"key":"B147","first-page":"467","article-title":"Attachment theory expanded","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Oxford handbook of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"B148","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.02.006","article-title":"Attachment orientations and emotion regulation.","volume":"25","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024515519160","article-title":"Attachment theory and affect regulation: the dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies.","volume":"27","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674418233","author":"Minuchin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0047.2004.00271.x","article-title":"Attachment security and parental bonding in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison with depressed out-patients and healthy controls.","volume":"109","author":"Myhr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12028","article-title":"Neural basis of imprinting behavior in chicks.","volume":"55","author":"Nakamori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.740","article-title":"The mini questionnaire of personal organization (MQPO): Preliminary validation of a new post-rationalist personality questionnaire.","volume":"19","author":"Nardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"B155","first-page":"5","article-title":"A new adaptive and evolutionary conceptualization of the Personal Meaning Organization (PMO) framework.","volume":"8","author":"Nardi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Psychother."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quip.2010.07.003","article-title":"Toward a scientific framework for the Personal Meaning Organization (PMO) paradigm: neuroimaging and genetic studies.","volume":"29","author":"Nardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quad. Ital. Psichiatr."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143921","article-title":"Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: the Bucharest Early Intervention Project.","volume":"318","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674041400","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Young Minds in Social Worlds: Experience, Meaning, and Memory."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21640","article-title":"Early moral conscience: the development of a moral short played stories procedure.","volume":"38","author":"Nicolais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infant Ment. Health J."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2004.11.003","article-title":"Attachment dimensions and the big five personality traits: associations and comparative ability to predict relationship quality.","volume":"40","author":"Noftle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B161","author":"Obegi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Attachment Theory and Research in Clinical Work with Adults."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000238","article-title":"Personality change: longitudinal self-other agreement and convergence with retrospective-reports.","volume":"118","author":"Oltmanns","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B163","author":"Oltmanns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Studies in Abnormal Psychology."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.02.002","article-title":"Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior.","volume":"25","author":"Opendak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v7.31276","article-title":"Unique neurobiology during the sensitive period for attachment produces distinctive infant trauma processing.","volume":"7","author":"Opendak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2019.100637","article-title":"Unique infant neurobiology produces distinctive trauma processing.","volume":"36","author":"Opendak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.32.1.67","article-title":"The negative core beliefs inventory: development and psychometric properties.","volume":"32","author":"Osmo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0656-4","article-title":"Parenting and risk for mood, anxiety and substance use disorders: a study in population-based male twins.","volume":"48","author":"Otowa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.07.053","article-title":"The impact of childhood parental loss on risk for mood, anxiety and substance use disorders in a population-based sample of male twins.","volume":"220","author":"Otowa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1037\/gpr0000042","article-title":"Disorganized attachment in adulthood: theory, measurement, and implications for romantic relationships.","volume":"19","author":"Paetzold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195096736.001.0001","author":"Panksepp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Affective Neuroscience: The Foundation of Human and Animal Emotion."},{"key":"B172","author":"Panksepp","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790080038005","article-title":"Parental \u2018affectionless control\u2019 as an antecedent to adult depression: a risk factor delineated.","volume":"40","author":"Parker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B174","author":"Parkes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Attachment Across the Life Cycle."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504242112","article-title":"Brain system for mental orientation in space, time, and person.","volume":"112","author":"Peer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh404","article-title":"Neural basis of eye gaze processing deficits in autism.","volume":"128","author":"Pelphrey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B177","author":"Perdighe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Elementi di Psicoterapia Cognitiva."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49959-8_9","article-title":"Attachment modelling: from observations to scenarios to designs","author":"Petters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computational Neurology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"B179","first-page":"13","article-title":"Costruzione e validazione del QSP, uno strumento per la valutazione dello stile di personalit\u00e0 secondo la teoria delle \u201corganizzazioni di significato personale\u201d.","volume":"38","author":"Picardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Riv. Psichiatr."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2013.746257","article-title":"Meta-analytic evidence for stability in attachments from infancy to early adulthood.","volume":"15","author":"Pinquart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.345","article-title":"Adult attachment style and core beliefs: Are they linked?","volume":"9","author":"Platts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.96","article-title":"Heritability estimates of the Big Five personality traits based on common genetic variants.","volume":"5","author":"Power","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B183","first-page":"85","article-title":"The synthetic psychology of the self","author":"Prescott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognitive Architectures"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.003","article-title":"Early parental care is important for hippocampal maturation: evidence from brain morphology in humans.","volume":"49","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.060","article-title":"Brain-to-brain synchrony in parent-child dyads and the relationship with emotion regulation revealed by fNIRS-based hyperscanning.","volume":"178","author":"Reindl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/09515070.2012.736156","article-title":"Attachment insecurity as a predictor of obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms in female children.","volume":"25","author":"Rezvan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Couns. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0357-6_9","article-title":"The cumulative continuity model of personality development: Striking a balance between continuity and change in personality traits across the life course","author":"Roberts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Understanding Human Development"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.3.582","article-title":"Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood.","volume":"84","author":"Roberts","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x","article-title":"Personality trait change in adulthood.","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.1.1","article-title":"Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.","volume":"132","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1995.77.3.819","article-title":"Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: development of a new measure.","volume":"77","author":"Robinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.3.675","article-title":"A taxometric study of the adult attachment interview.","volume":"43","author":"Roisman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.02.007","article-title":"Personality traits of the alternative DSM-5 model and the attachment dimensions in Portuguese adults.","volume":"143","author":"Rosa-Mendes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118931684.ch6","article-title":"Neurobiology and programming capacity of attachment learning to nurturing and abusive caregivers","author":"Roth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Experience and Plasticity of the Developing Brain"},{"key":"B195","author":"Safran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Interpersonal Process in Cognitive Therapy."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1163\/156853967x00028","article-title":"Imprinting in birds and primates.","volume":"28","author":"Salzen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(93)90036-4","article-title":"A controlled study of alexithymia in eating disorders.","volume":"34","author":"Schmidt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B198","author":"Schore","year":"1994","journal-title":"Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/146167300361309","article-title":"Attachment and the regulation of the right brain.","volume":"2","author":"Schore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.26-6-204","article-title":"Attachment, affect regulation, and the developing right brain: linking developmental neuroscience to pediatrics.","volume":"26","author":"Schore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"B201","first-page":"107","article-title":"Attachment trauma and the developing right brain: origins of pathological dissociation","author":"Schore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: DSM-V and Beyond"},{"key":"B202","author":"Seligman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Helplessness. On Depression, Development, and Death."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12212","article-title":"The transmission of attachment across generations: The state of art and new theoretical perspectives.","volume":"56","author":"Sette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(96)00026-6","article-title":"Guilt in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Shafran","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730210154171","article-title":"Attachment-related psychodynamics.","volume":"4","author":"Shaver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2015.06.001","article-title":"Infant capacities related to building internal working models of attachment figures: a theoretical and empirical review.","volume":"37","author":"Sherman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(63)90263-x","article-title":"The demonstration in the domestic guinea pig of a process resembling classical imprinting.","volume":"11","author":"Shipley","year":"1963","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700036291","article-title":"Is early separation anxiety a specific precursor of panic disorder\u2013agoraphobia? A community study.","volume":"25","author":"Silove","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B209","first-page":"91","article-title":"Attachment theory within a modern evolutionary framework","author":"Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327922par0502_3","article-title":"Six dimensions of parenting: a motivational model.","volume":"5","author":"Skinner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parent. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.03.004","article-title":"Early parental loss and depression history: associations with recent life stress in major depressive disorder.","volume":"45","author":"Slavich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B212","author":"Sroufe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Emotional Development: The Organization of Emotional Life in the Early Years."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730500365928","article-title":"Attachment and development: a prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood.","volume":"7","author":"Sroufe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B214","author":"Stern","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Interpersonal World of the Infant - A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/tamd.2009.2038190","article-title":"A dynamic systems model of infant attachment.","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Auton. Ment. Dev."},{"key":"B216","first-page":"62","article-title":"Assessment of preschoolers\u2019 attachment security using the Attachment Q-set and the Attachment Story Completion Task.","volume":"12","author":"Stievenart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B217","first-page":"715","article-title":"Attachment states of mind and psychopathology in adulthood","author":"Stovall-McClough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment. Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.11.010","article-title":"Transitions in sensitive period attachment learning in infancy: the role of corticosterone.","volume":"34","author":"Sullivan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(74)90013-x","article-title":"Reversal of social deficits produced by isolation rearing in monkeys.","volume":"3","author":"Suomi","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.03.005","article-title":"Attachment within life history theory: an evolutionary perspective on individual differences in attachment.","volume":"25","author":"Szepsenwol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/0075417031000138433","article-title":"Attachment representations in school-age children: the development of the Child Attachment Interview (CAI).","volume":"29","author":"Target","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Psychother."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22302","article-title":"Attachment and eating disorders: a review of current research.","volume":"47","author":"Tasca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"B223","first-page":"330","article-title":"Early attachment and later development: reframing the questions","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.24.3.151","article-title":"Parenting and obsessive compulsive symptoms: implications of authoritarian parenting.","volume":"24","author":"Timpano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-065302-7.50009-7","article-title":"Sensitive periods of development. implications for risk and resilience","author":"Troller-Renfree","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handbook of Preschool Mental Health. Development, Disorders, and Treatment"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203420362-11","article-title":"Memory, amnesia and intuition: a neuro-psychoanalytic perspective","author":"Turnbull","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emotional Development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.387","article-title":"Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: a meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview.","volume":"117","author":"Van Ijzendoorn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.02.014","article-title":"Bridges across the intergenerational transmission of attachment gap.","volume":"25","author":"Van Ijzendoorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03172726","article-title":"Sensitive periods in the development of attachment and the age of entry into day care.","volume":"11","author":"Varin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000038","article-title":"Narrowing the transmission gap: a synthesis of three decades of research on intergenerational transmission of attachment.","volume":"142","author":"Verhage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000321","article-title":"Change in attachment predicts change in emotion regulation particularly among 5-HTTLPR short-allele homozygotes.","volume":"53","author":"Viddal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14821","article-title":"The human amygdala parametrically encodes the intensity of specific facial emotions and their categorical ambiguity.","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00176","article-title":"Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: a twenty-year longitudinal study.","volume":"71","author":"Waters","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.06.007","article-title":"Alexithymia in eating disorders: systematic review and meta-analyses of studies using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale.","volume":"99","author":"Westwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2017.02.006","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in preschoolers: a review of the past 7 years.","volume":"26","author":"Whalen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073912457231","article-title":"Neuroscience and facial expressions of emotion: the role of amygdala-prefrontal interactions.","volume":"5","author":"Whalen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021310","article-title":"A dimensional approach to maternal attachment state of mind: relations to maternal sensitivity and maternal autonomy support.","volume":"47","author":"Whipple","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B238","first-page":"449","article-title":"Five factor model and personality disorder","author":"Widiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Oxford Handbook of the Five Factor Model"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(18)30052-x","article-title":"Psychoanalysis in modern mental health practice.","volume":"5","author":"Yakeley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2017.1353540","article-title":"Childhood attachment and adult personality: a life history perspective.","volume":"18","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"B241","first-page":"201","article-title":"Schema-focused therapy for personality disorders","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: A Guide for the Practising Clinician"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.2011.00631.x","article-title":"Sensitive periods.","volume":"76","author":"Zeanah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.657628\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T01:58:18Z","timestamp":1725328698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.657628\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"references-count":242,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.657628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.657628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"article-number":"657628"}}