{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:16:59Z","timestamp":1792009019846,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/J500215\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/J500215\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Germaphobia \u2013 a pathological aversion to microorganisms \u2013 could be contributing to an explosion in human immune-related disorders\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    mass sterilization of surfaces and reduced exposure to biodiversity. Loss of biodiversity and people\u2019s weaker connection to nature, along with poor microbial literacy may be augmenting the negative consequences of germaphobia on ecosystem health. In this study, we created an online questionnaire to acquire data on attitudes toward, and knowledge of microbes. We collected data on nature connectedness and interactions with nature and explored the relationships between these variables. Although the study had an international reach (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,184), the majority of responses came from England, United Kingdom (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 993). We found a significant association between attitudes toward microbes and both duration and frequency of visits to natural environments. A higher frequency of visits to nature per week, and a longer duration spent in nature per visit, was significantly associated with positive attitudes toward microbes. We found no association between nature connectedness and attitudes toward microbes. We found a significant relationship between knowledge of \u201clesser known\u201d microbial groups (e.g., identifying that fungi, algae, protozoa, and archaea are microbes) and positive attitudes toward microbes. However, we also found that people who identified viruses as being microbes expressed less positive views of microbes overall\u2013this could potentially be attributed to a \u201cCOVID-19 effect.\u201d Our results suggest that basic microbial literacy and nature engagement may be important in reducing\/preventing germaphobia-associated attitudes. The results also suggest that a virus-centric phenomenon (e.g., COVID-19) could increase broader germaphobia-associated attitudes. As the rise of immune-related disorders and mental health conditions have been linked to germaphobia, reduced biodiversity, and non-targeted sterilization, our findings point to a feasible strategy to potentially help ameliorate these negative consequences. Further research is needed, but greater emphasis on microbial literacy and promoting time spent in nature could potentially be useful in promoting resilience in human health and more positive\/constructive attitudes toward the foundations of our ecosystems\u2014the microorganisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.678752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T02:59:36Z","timestamp":1625021976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Germaphobia! 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