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Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implicit and explicit self-identification as a drug user specific to the substance used (e.g., viewing oneself as a drinker) have been examined, as they relate to that drug use. However, studies have rarely explored whether identifying as a \u201cdrug user\u201d differs implicitly and explicitly for people who use different drugs and how this identification relates to drug-use behaviors or abstinence. This study examined implicit and explicit self-identification as a \u201cdrug user\u201d and their associations with drug-use behaviors and abstinence in people who used heroin (PWUH) and people who used methamphetamine (PWUM). Forty PWUH and 35 PWUM in a rehabilitation facility completed the single category implicit association test (SC-IAT), which evaluated implicit associations of a \u201cdrug user\u201d with \u201cself,\u201d and a measure of explicit self-identification as a \u201cdrug user.\u201d Prior drug-use behaviors and current abstinence duration of the participants were assessed. PWUH demonstrated stronger implicit \u201cself + drug user\u201d associations and higher levels of explicit self-identification as a \u201cdrug user\u201d than PWUM. A higher frequency of drug use was associated with higher levels of explicit drug-user self-identity, and longer abstinence duration was positively related to stronger implicit \u201cself + drug user\u201d associations in PWUH. The drug type of heroin (vs. methamphetamine) participants used was associated with a higher frequency of use, which, in turn, predicted higher levels of explicit drug-user self-identity. Given that the PWUH group differs from the PWUM group in terms of implicit and explicit self-identification as \u201cdrug users,\u201d it would be more appropriate to address drug-user self-identity of individuals according to the substance they use rather than as a collective group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.685110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T05:04:05Z","timestamp":1625202245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Implicit and Explicit Self-Identification as a Drug User in People Who Used Heroin and Methamphetamine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jianyong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jifan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mowei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(00)00022-5","article-title":"A path analysis of cognitive, affective, and behavioral predictors of treatment response in a methadone maintenance program","volume":"11","author":"Avants","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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