{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T23:14:33Z","timestamp":1788131673075,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate whether cognitive performance was equally influenced by Apolipoprotein E (APOE, with its three alleles, e2, e3, and e4) in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). In addition, we examined a group of patients with a combination of Vascular dementia (VaD) and AD (VaD\/AD). We asked if the APOE e4 allele influenced cognition in these patient groups in the same way. Our study comprised data from 1,991 patients (55% women), with a mean age of 70.9 years (SD 10.8) and 12.1 years of education (SD 3.8). Of them, 1,111 (56%) had at least one APOE e4 allele; 871 (44%) had one and 240 (12%) had two e4 alleles. Three neurocognitive tests were used to measure cognition: the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the 10-word test of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Word List (CERAD-WL) (immediate and delayed recall), and the Trail Making Test Part A (TMTA). The APOE genotypes were regressed against cognitive function using linear regression, adjusting for diagnosis, age, sex, and education. The interaction diagnosis<jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>APOE was investigated. The allele type had the largest effect on cognitive performance assessed by the CERAD-WL delayed recall test, less for the other tests. Those without the e4 type scored 0.7 units better than those with e4 allele(s) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant inverse dose-response pattern between number of e4 alleles and cognitive performance; those with one allele scored 0.4 units better than those with two alleles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006), and those without e4 scored 0.7 units better than those with one e4 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). This pattern did not differ between the four diagnostic groups studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.686036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T06:14:48Z","timestamp":1623651288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cognition in Patients With Memory Difficulties and Dementia Relative to APOE e4 Status"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Knut","family":"Hestad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"Engedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Horndalsveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn Heine","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10030222","article-title":"The genetic variability of APOE in different human populations and its implications for longevity.","volume":"10","author":"Abondio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600419","article-title":"Transport pathways for clearance of human Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid beta-peptide and apolipoproteins E and J in the mouse central nervous system.","volume":"27","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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