{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T17:26:45Z","timestamp":1788629205167,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has gravely impacted Latin America. A model was tested that evaluated the contribution of socio-demographic factors and fear of COVID-19 on anxiety and depression in samples of residents in seven Latin American countries (Argentina, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, Colombia, and El Salvador). A total of 4,881 individuals, selected by convenience sampling, participated in the study. Moderate and severe levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety were identified, as well as a moderate average level of fear of COVID-19. In addition, it was observed that about a quarter of the participants presented symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and a major depressive episode. Fear of COVID-19 significantly and positively predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms, whereas the effects of socio-demographic variables are generally low [\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(287) = 5936.96, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; RMSEA = 0.064 [0.062, 0.065]; CFI = 0.947; and SRMR = 0.050]. This suggests the need for the implementation of preventive actions in the general population of these countries, with the aim of reducing the prevalence of depressive, anxious and fearful symptoms related to COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.695989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T13:38:49Z","timestamp":1636119529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Socio-Demographic Variables, Fear of COVID-19, Anxiety, and Depression: Prevalence, Relationships and Explanatory Model in the General Population of Seven Latin American Countries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Caycho-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey W.","family":"Vilca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Carbajal-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Cervigni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Gallegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Bar\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Calandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar Armando Rey","family":"Anacona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"L\u00f3pez-Calle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Moreta-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgardo Ren\u00e9","family":"Chac\u00f3n-Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlon El\u00edas","family":"Lobos-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perla","family":"del Carpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazm\u00edn","family":"Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macerlo Panza","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia Gamarra","family":"Recalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s Buschiazzo","family":"Figares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Burgos","family":"Videla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2020.109","article-title":"Capacidad de respuesta frente a la pandemia de COVID-19 en Am\u00e9rica latina y el caribe.","volume":"44","author":"Acosta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud. Publi."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102092","article-title":"Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems.","volume":"51","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation.","author":"Ahorsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Health Addic."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.32641\/rchped.vi91i2.2157","article-title":"COVID-19 en Am\u00e9rica latina: retos y oportunidades.","volume":"91","author":"Alvarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Child Pediatr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00316-x","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Arabic version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale.","author":"Alyami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Health Addic."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1809786","article-title":"Perceived fear of COVID-19 infection according to sex, age and occupational risk using the Brazilian version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale.","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"299","article-title":"Hombres y trabajo dom\u00e9stico: variables demogr\u00e1ficas, salud y satisfacci\u00f3n.","volume":"25","author":"Arbide","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anales de Psicol."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"e3350","article-title":"Manifestaciones psicol\u00f3gicas frente a la situaci\u00f3n epidemiol\u00f3gica causada por la COVID-19.","volume":"19","author":"Arias Molina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Haban. Cienc. M\u00e9d."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102196","article-title":"Coronaphobia: fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak.","volume":"70","author":"Asmundson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.29.3.178511","article-title":"Un sistema de clasificaci\u00f3n de los dise\u00f1os de investigaci\u00f3n en psicolog\u00eda.","volume":"29","author":"Ato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anales de Psicol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2020.1799768","article-title":"Gender-related differences in the psychological impact of confinement as a consequence of COVID-19 in Spain.","volume":"30","author":"Aus\u00edn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gend. Stud."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00331-y","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress.","author":"Bakio\u011flu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa106","article-title":"Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany.","volume":"42","author":"B\u00e4uerle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113100","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 scale: psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population.","volume":"289","author":"Bitan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/0034355213515305","article-title":"Review of patient health questionnaire\u20139 (PHQ-9).","volume":"57","author":"Blackwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rehabil. Couns. Bull."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191121994164","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: a reliability generalization meta-analysis.","author":"Bl\u00e1zquez-Rinc\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00343-8","article-title":"Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample.","author":"Broche-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence.","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa074","article-title":"Age differences in COVID-19 risk perceptions and mental health: evidence from a national US survey conducted in march 2020.","volume":"76","author":"Bruine de Bruin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.007","article-title":"The depression and marital status relationship is modified by both age and gender.","volume":"223","author":"Bulloch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30303-0","article-title":"COVID-19 in Latin America.","volume":"20","author":"Burki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00438-2","article-title":"Assessment of fear of COVID-19 in older adults: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale.","author":"Caycho-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2021.1879318","article-title":"Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the fear of COVID-19 scale in seven Latin American countries.","author":"Caycho-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1836071","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 scale: validity, reliability and factorial invariance in Argentina\u2019s general population.","author":"Caycho-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.061","article-title":"Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance.","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Mod."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"50","article-title":"Estr\u00e9s ansiedad y depresi\u00f3n con estilos de afrontamiento en enfermeras en contacto con covid-19 cusco Per\u00fa.","volume":"9","author":"Concha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Cient. de Enferm"},{"key":"B28","year":"2020","journal-title":"COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039426","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039426","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of young people and adults: a systematic review protocol of observational studies.","volume":"10","author":"da Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15179-9_26","article-title":"Affective disorders and gender differences","author":"de Arrieta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopathology in Women, Incorporating Gender Perspective Into Descriptive Psychopathology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220000630","article-title":"The fight against COVID-19: a report from the Italian trenches.","volume":"32","author":"de Leo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01476-2","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S).","author":"de Medeiros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/WSP.WSP_46_20","article-title":"Integrative community therapy in the time of the new coronavirus pandemic in Brazil and Latin America.","volume":"2","author":"de Paula Barreto","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23117","DOI":"10.2196\/23117","article-title":"A self-administered multicomponent web-based mental health intervention for the Mexican population during the COVID-19 pandemic: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"9","author":"Dominguez-Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protocols"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00332-x","article-title":"Assessing coronavirus fear in Indian population using the fear of COVID-19 scale.","author":"Doshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113130","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics.","volume":"290","author":"Elbay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00448-0","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: psychometric properties of the Ethiopian Amharic version.","author":"Elemo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-D-19-00364","article-title":"Prevalence of depression in Latin America and the Caribbean: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Errazuriz","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.2.365","article-title":"What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on september 11th, 2001.","volume":"84","author":"Fredrickson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Personali. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240406900601","article-title":"Macro-level gender inequality and the division of household labor in 22 countries.","volume":"69","author":"Fuwa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"em261","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/8460","article-title":"COVID-19 in Latin America: a Bibliometric analysis of scientific publications in health.","volume":"17","author":"Gallegos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elect. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0765","article-title":"COVID-19 response in Latin America.","volume":"103","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-8","article-title":"Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool.","volume":"8","author":"Garc\u00eda-Campayo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.09.021","article-title":"COVID-19 and mental health in Brazil: psychiatric symptoms in the general population.","volume":"132","author":"Goularte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941211016754","article-title":"Validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in a sample of Pakistan\u2019s university students and future directions.","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1773026","article-title":"Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 scale.","author":"Haktanir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"B47","author":"Hancock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science.","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24457.1","article-title":"Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: a review.","volume":"9","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000 Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey.","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2018.165","article-title":"Mental health in the Americas: an overview of the treatment gap.","volume":"42","author":"Kohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud. Publi."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.586355","article-title":"Effect of psychological\u2013behavioral intervention on the depression and anxiety of COVID-19 patients.","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0161","article-title":"Mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemia: a review of clinical and psychological traits.","volume":"17","author":"Kontoangelos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Invest."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection.","volume":"146","author":"Kroenke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716442","article-title":"Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress during COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"11","author":"Lakhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural. Pract."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3201_3","article-title":"Mean and covariance structures (MACS) analyses of cross-cultural data: practical and theoretical issues.","volume":"32","author":"Little","year":"1997","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112921","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter.","volume":"287","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30077-8","article-title":"Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak.","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220000848","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on mental health in the Hispanic Caribbean region.","volume":"32","author":"Llibre-Guerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001","article-title":"Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors.","volume":"31","author":"Mak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110829","article-title":"Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis.","volume":"184","author":"Manea","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","article-title":"In search of golden rules: comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler\u2019s (1999) findings.","volume":"11","author":"Marsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Mod."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci9050087","article-title":"Covid-19 and women\u2019s triple burden: vignettes from Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Vietnam and Australia.","volume":"9","author":"McLaren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112983","article-title":"The psychological effect of COVID-19 on the elderly in China.","volume":"289","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102258","article-title":"Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): predictors in an online study conducted in march 2020.","volume":"74","author":"Mertens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.857","article-title":"Testing measurement invariance across groups: applications in cross-cultural research.","volume":"3","author":"Milfont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008265","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008265","article-title":"COVID-19 in Latin America: novel transmission dynamics for a global pandemic?","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.18502\/ijps.v15i3.3813","article-title":"Anxiety, self-compassion, gender differences and COVID-19: predicting self-care behaviors and fear of COVID-19 based on anxiety and self-compassion with an emphasis on gender differences.","volume":"15","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01984","article-title":"COVID-19-related fear and health-related safety behavior in oncological patients.","volume":"11","author":"Musche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gby061","article-title":"Age differences in proactive coping with minor hassles in daily life.","volume":"74","author":"Neubauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B72","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"","journal-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-00007","article-title":"Screening for depression in adult patients in primary care settings: a systematic evidence review.","volume":"151","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.15517\/ap.v34i128.41431","article-title":"Predictores de s\u00edntomas emocionales durante la cuarentena domiciliar por pandemia de COVID-19 en El Salvador.","volume":"34","author":"Orellana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Actual. Psicol."},{"key":"B75","author":"Overfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biological Variation in Health and Illness: Race, Age, and Sex."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020927051","article-title":"Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: the importance of gender.","volume":"66","author":"\u00d6zdin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2939","article-title":"Covid-19 in Latin America.","volume":"370","author":"Pablos-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.5.406","article-title":"International representation in psychiatric literature: survey of six leading journals.","volume":"178","author":"Patela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00090520","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00090520","article-title":"Perceived stress associated with COVID-19 epidemic in Colombia: an online survey.","volume":"36","author":"Pedrozo-Pupo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cad. Saude. Publi."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00356-3","article-title":"Validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in a US college sample.","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30237-6","article-title":"Says who? The significance of sampling in mental health surveys during COVID-19.","volume":"7","author":"Pierce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","article-title":"Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis.","volume":"39","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102066","article-title":"COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature.","volume":"52","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00497","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.497","article-title":"A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations.","volume":"6","author":"Remes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18083908","article-title":"Gender differences in the covid-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology and behaviors of spanish university students.","volume":"18","author":"Rodriguez-Besteiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.591797","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19, stress, and anxiety in university undergraduate students: a predictive model for depression.","volume":"11","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Hidalgo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101613","article-title":"COVID-19 in Latin America: the implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil.","volume":"35","author":"Rodriguez-Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00790","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy.","volume":"11","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22600","article-title":"Depression and anxiety during the covid-19 pandemic in an urban, low-income public university sample.","volume":"34","author":"Rudenstine","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00477-9","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 and depression: a comparative study among the general population and healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic crisis in Bangladesh.","author":"Sakib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00289-x","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Bangla fear of COVID-19 scale: confirmatory factor analysis and rasch analysis.","author":"Sakib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000102","article-title":"Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms.","volume":"143","author":"Salk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00294-0","article-title":"Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 scale: its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in turkey.","author":"Satici","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00305-0","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19.","author":"Satici","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.36131\/CN20200202","article-title":"The four horsemen of fear: an integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"17","author":"Schimmenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"B97","first-page":"e1287","article-title":"Abordaje psicol\u00d3gico del COVID-19: una revisi\u00f3n narrativa de la experiencia latinoamericana.","volume":"54","author":"Scholten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414568341","article-title":"A primer on unrealistic optimism.","volume":"24","author":"Shepperd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12988","article-title":"Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations.","volume":"74","author":"Shigemura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17934","article-title":"The 2014 Ebola outbreak and mental health: current status and recommended response.","volume":"313","author":"Shultz","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113138","article-title":"Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents.","volume":"291","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00277-1","article-title":"Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the fear of COVID-19 scale.","author":"Soraci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addic."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Med."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114065","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults.","volume":"17","author":"Stanton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.36131\/cnfioritieditore20200407","article-title":"A model of multifaceted fear during the covid-19 pandemic and balancing between overemphasising and neglecting the distinction between fear and anxiety: a reply to Heeren.","volume":"17","author":"Starcevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"B106","first-page":"10","article-title":"Multifaceted conceptions of fit in structural equation models","author":"Tanaka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Testing Structural Equation Models Newbury"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3575","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3575","article-title":"Uruguay is winning against covid-19. this is how.","volume":"370","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B108","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.04.013","article-title":"COVID-19, mobile health and serious mental illness.","volume":"218","author":"Torous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B110","year":"2020","journal-title":"Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2262-9","article-title":"Validation and calibration of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Argentina.","volume":"19","author":"Urtasun","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020938807","article-title":"Determining depression and related factors in a society affected by COVID-19 pandemic.","author":"Ustun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2012.686740","article-title":"A checklist for testing measurement invariance.","volume":"9","author":"van de Schoot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020934508","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and stress and socio-demographic correlates among general Indian public during COVID-19.","volume":"66","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.048","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence.","volume":"89","author":"Vindegaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.569981","article-title":"The association between physical and mental health and face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison of two countries with different views and practices.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2020.1746817","article-title":"Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China.","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200742","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.200742","article-title":"Changes in risk perception and self-reported protective behaviour during the first week of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.","volume":"7","author":"Wise","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100250","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100250","article-title":"Mental health status of students\u2019 parents during COVID-19 pandemic and its influence factors.","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review.","volume":"277","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Dis."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.101990","article-title":"Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic.","volume":"51","author":"Zandifar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22570","article-title":"The mental health continuum-short form: the structure and application for cross-cultural studiesa 38 nation study.","volume":"74","author":"\u017bemojtel-Piotrowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.695989\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T13:39:03Z","timestamp":1636119543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.695989\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.695989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.695989","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"article-number":"695989"}}