{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:26:09Z","timestamp":1787027169760,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global disaster, and recent studies have shown its association with increasing mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and stress. Nursing students, especially nursing interns, may be shunned, harassed, and even blamed as potential COVID-19 spreaders, though they were an important reserve force against COVID-19 and other diseases. Of note, the psychological influences of COVID-19 on nursing students remained unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mental health of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted on nursing students in a vocational college from April 12 to 23, 2020. The Impact of Event Scale\u2013Revised, 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to assess the degree of symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the potential risk factors for the psychological symptoms. A total of 1,780 college nursing students were asked to participate in this online survey, with 1,532 complete responses. In total, 682 (44.5%) college nursing students reported having PTSD, 358 (22.8%) students reported insomnia, and few students reported depression (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 45, 2.9%), anxiety (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 44, 2.9%), and stress (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 17, 1.1%) symptoms. As compared with junior, female, and rural nursing students, the senior, male, and urban nursing students had higher rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety, stress, respectively, whereas male nursing students had a higher insomnia rate. Multivariable analysis showed that senior nursing students had higher risks of PTSD, depression, anxiety; being male was associated with higher risks of PTSD, depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia; and urban nursing students had higher risks of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress. In summary, a considerable number of nursing students reported mental symptoms of PTSD and insomnia, though few reported mental symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, senior, male, and urban nursing students are at risk for developing mental symptoms. Appropriate psychological interventions should be implemented to assure the mental health of nursing students.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.699558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T02:48:33Z","timestamp":1628736513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Mental Health of Nursing Students amid Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengcun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fudong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15909","article-title":"Experiences of nurses amidst giving care to COVID-19 patients in clinical settings in Iraqi Kurdistan: a qualitative descriptive study","author":"Abdulah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2568OC","article-title":"Symptoms of anxiety, depression and peritraumatic dissociation in critical care clinicians managing COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional Study","volume":"202","author":"Azoulay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30498-9","article-title":"Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Bagcchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1011-4","article-title":"Digital technologies in the public-health response to COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Budd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry. Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.048","article-title":"Imported COVID-19 cases pose new challenges for China","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-020-00137-4","article-title":"First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health Res. Policy"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.049","article-title":"A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"88","author":"Chew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11800-008-0132-2","article-title":"The Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R)","volume":"21","author":"Christianson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medsurg. Nurs"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932a1","article-title":"Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2013United States, June 24-30, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Czeisler","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003","article-title":"The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2019686","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686","article-title":"Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Ettman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1036-8","article-title":"Using a real-world network to model localized COVID-19 control strategies","volume":"26","author":"Firth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1200","article-title":"Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Infections among healthcare workers, Los Angeles County, February\u2013May 2020","author":"Hartmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29657","article-title":"The short-form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample","volume":"44","author":"Henry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237303","article-title":"Emotional responses and coping strategies in nurses and nursing students during Covid-19 outbreak: a comparative study","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6938a3","article-title":"Update: characteristics of health care personnel with COVID-19 - United States, February 12-July 16, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102601","article-title":"Reducing the stigma of mental health disorders with a focus on low- and middle-income countries","volume":"58","author":"Javed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.135","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health & wellbeing among home-quarantined Bangladeshi students: a cross-sectional pilot study","volume":"277","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa036","article-title":"Occupational risks for COVID-19 infection","volume":"70","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e203976","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976","article-title":"Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"3","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652296","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.652296","article-title":"The psychological effect of COVID-19 on home-quarantined nursing students in China","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113933","article-title":"The Psychological impacts of a COVID-19 outbreak on college students in China: a longitudinal study","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02024","article-title":"COVID-19 in Guangdong: immediate perceptions and psychological impact on 304,167 college students","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-u","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2016.1244722","article-title":"College students' stigmatization of people with mental illness: familiarity, implicit person theory, and attribution","volume":"28","author":"Lyndon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00153-x","article-title":"Stop the Wuhan virus","volume":"577","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113108","article-title":"Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish University","volume":"290","author":"Odriozola-Gonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6130","article-title":"Association of public health interventions with the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2021.1875420","article-title":"Nursing students, mental health status during COVID-19 quarantine: evidence from three European countries","volume":"30","author":"Patelarou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","article-title":"Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"383","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc5096","article-title":"Assessing the impact of coordinated COVID-19 exit strategies across Europe","volume":"369","author":"Ruktanonchai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2014053","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.14053","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors associated with mental health symptoms among the general population in China during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA. Netw. Open"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00724-0","article-title":"Psychological impact of COVID-19 on medical care workers in China","volume":"9","author":"Si","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.009","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students","volume":"274","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30644-9","article-title":"COVID-19: protecting health-care workers","volume":"395","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30186-0","article-title":"Emerging understandings of 2019-nCoV","volume":"395","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23077","article-title":"Census Bureau-assessed prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Twenge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729","article-title":"Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22817","DOI":"10.2196\/22817","article-title":"Investigating mental health of US college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional survey study","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320919177","article-title":"Psychological assistance during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"32132521Pneumonia of Unknown Cause \u2013 China. World Health Organization2020"},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Situation2021"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e923549","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.923549","article-title":"The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548506","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.548506","article-title":"Effect of the novel coronavirus pneumonia pandemic on medical students' psychological stress and its influencing factors","volume":"11","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.12.010","article-title":"Validity and responsiveness of the depression anxiety stress scales-21 (DASS-21) in COPD","volume":"155","author":"Yohannes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103722","article-title":"Mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemics and the mitigation effects of exercise: a longitudinal study of college students in China","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.699558\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T02:48:38Z","timestamp":1628736518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.699558\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.699558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.699558","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"article-number":"699558"}}