{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:45:24Z","timestamp":1774557924923,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis and the corresponding first nationwide lockdown from mid-March to 10 May 2020 engendered considerable psychological strain among people in Switzerland. This study analyzes determinants of changes in subjective levels of psychological strain experienced during the lockdown.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> An online survey conducted as part of a larger mixed methods study examined the material and emotional aspects of individual reactions to the lockdown from a socio-ecological perspective. Participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 5932) were asked about their personal and employment status, housing features, changes in various activities (e.g., physical activity, watching TV, social media use) and aspects of mental distress and well-being.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A substantial share of participants reported to feel depressed (33%) and anxious (43%) more often during the COVID-19 lockdown than before, whereas significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) less persons reported a decrease of these negative feelings (depressed 17%; anxious 14%). Women, single people, students and people who lost their jobs or were temporally unemployed due to the lockdown experienced a particularly strong increase of subjective psychological strain. Important residential factors reducing subjective psychological strain were the general comfort of the housing situation and having a private garden or multiple types of outdoor space. Considering leisure activities, the strongest positive psychological effect resulted from increased physical activities, followed by reading and cooking. However, 45% of the participants reported a decreased frequency of physical activity during the lockdown compared to before, whereas significantly less persons (26%) reported a corresponding increase (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Consistent with other studies, the results indicate a substantial reduction of subjective psychological well-being of the population during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland. The psychological burdens which the participants experienced differ depending on personal characteristics and situational factors. Negative psychological and economic consequences and gender inequalities should accordingly be carefully considered and actively prevented when designing COVID-19 measures. Supportive economic and social, cognitive and behavioral psychological interventions need to be designed and implemented to maintain the well-being of residents during lockdown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.735293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T06:18:10Z","timestamp":1632809890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Activities, Housing Situation and Other Factors Influencing Psychological Strain Experienced During the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ralph","family":"Hansmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garance","family":"Cl\u00e9ment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia R.","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.03.029","article-title":"The effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving well-being across office-based workplace settings: a systematic review.","volume":"160","author":"Abdin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12567","article-title":"Women and burnout in the context of a pandemic.","volume":"28","author":"Aldossari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gender Work Organ."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165973","article-title":"Covid-19 lockdown: housing built environment\u2019s effects on mental health.","volume":"17","author":"Amerio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2019.08.006","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and chronic diseases: a brief review.","volume":"1","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2307\/2137036","article-title":"Stressful life events and depressive symptoms: disaggregating the effects of acute stressors and chronic strains.","volume":"29","author":"Avison","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110603","article-title":"On the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in outdoor air and the interaction with pre-existing atmospheric particles.","volume":"193","author":"Belosi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B7","author":"Biddle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167820934229","article-title":"Work and unemployment in the time of COVID-19: the existential experience of loss and fear.","volume":"60","author":"Blustein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104346","article-title":"COVID-19, lockdowns and well-being: evidence from Google trends.","volume":"193","author":"Brodeur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.014","article-title":"The psychological burden of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures: experience from 4000 participants.","volume":"277","author":"Burhamah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2020.1859566","article-title":"Psychological well-being, depression and stress during covid-19 pandemic in turkey: a comparative study of healthcare professionals and non-healthcare professionals.","volume":"26","author":"Ceri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"B12","article-title":"V\u00e9cu de la pand\u00e9mie et plasticit\u00e9 du logement. Le cas du \u00ab semi confinement \u00bb en suisse romande.","volume":"141","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"","journal-title":"Rev. Aff. Soc. Fam."},{"key":"B13","author":"Creswell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches"},{"key":"B14","author":"Dale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mental Health During a COVID-19 Lockdown Over the Christmas Period in Austria (January 26, 2021)."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720004432","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study.","author":"Daly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12750","article-title":"Major features of immunesenescence, including reduced thymic output, are ameliorated by high levels of physical activity in adulthood.","volume":"17","author":"Duggal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30238-2","article-title":"A wake-up call: COVID-19 and its impact on children\u2019s health and wellbeing.","volume":"8","author":"Fore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B18","author":"Fritz","year":"","journal-title":"Explore"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(00)00317-2","article-title":"Beyond toxicity: human health and the natural environment.","volume":"20","author":"Frumkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.9.1451","article-title":"Healthy places: exploring the evidence.","volume":"93","author":"Frumkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152214","article-title":"Changes in lifestyle resulting from confinement due to COVID-19 and depressive symptomatology: a cross-sectional a population-based study.","volume":"104","author":"Garre-Olmo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1078\/1618-8667-00019","article-title":"Landscape planning and stress.","volume":"2","author":"Grahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-020-00326-5","article-title":"Loneliness and well-being during the Covid-19 pandemic: associations with personality and emotion regulation.","volume":"22","author":"Gubler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.3390\/su2092873","article-title":"\u201cSustainability learning\u201d: an introduction to the concept and its motivational aspects.","volume":"2","author":"Hansmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2007.08.004","article-title":"Restoration and stress relief through physical activities in forests and parks.","volume":"6","author":"Hansmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3687","article-title":"Covid-19, unemployment, and health: time for deeper solutions?","volume":"371","author":"Hensher","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1198\/000313007X172556","article-title":"Much ado about nothing.","volume":"61","author":"Horton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-021-00387-0","article-title":"Daily positive support and perceived stress during COVID-19 outbreak: the role of daily gratitude within couples.","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12234","article-title":"Who is the most stressed during the COVID-19 pandemic? Data from 26 countries and areas.","volume":"12","author":"Kowal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well Being"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rssm.2020.100520","article-title":"Does the coronavirus pandemic level the gender inequality curve? (It doesn\u2019t).","volume":"68","author":"Kristal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Stratif. Mobil."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1080\/14616696.2020.1839671","article-title":"Who is most affected by the Corona crisis? An analysis of changes in stress and well-being in Switzerland.","volume":"23","author":"Kuhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Societies"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00827.x","article-title":"Greenspace and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence.","volume":"12","author":"Lachowycz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113899","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians.","volume":"17","author":"Lesser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062032","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users.","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112921","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter.","volume":"287","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3181b7b57b","article-title":"Exercise and respiratory tract viral infections.","volume":"37","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"252","article-title":"\u201cGenre (in\u00e9galit\u00e9),\u201d","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dictionnaire de Politique Sociale Suisse"},{"key":"B38","author":"Maslow","year":"1954","journal-title":"Motivation and Personality."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04315","article-title":"The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy.","volume":"6","author":"Maugeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.043","article-title":"Expected effects of COVID-19 outbreak on depression incidence in Italy.","volume":"278","author":"Mencaccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/4wtz8","article-title":"Household level health and socio-economic vulnerabilities and the COVID-19 crisis: an analysis from the UK.","author":"Mikolai","year":"2020","journal-title":"SocArXiv Papers Open Arch. Soc. Sci. SocArXiv"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.020","article-title":"The psychological impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures in the world.","volume":"283","author":"Passavanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.652086","article-title":"Short-term analysis (8 weeks) of 303 social distancing and isolation on mental health and physical activity behavior during COVID-19.","volume":"12","author":"Peterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14854","article-title":"The physical activity guidelines for Americans.","volume":"320","author":"Piercy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"67","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families.","volume":"16","author":"Power","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci. Pract. Pol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2020.1861253","article-title":"Mental health and its psychosocial predictors during national quarantine in Italy against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).","volume":"34","author":"Prati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113348","article-title":"Vulnerability and resilience to pandemic-related stress among US women pregnant at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"266","author":"Preis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSSP-07-2020-0267","article-title":"Young adults\u2019 personal concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland: an issue for social concern.","volume":"40","author":"Ranta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sociol. Soc. Pol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01726-5","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in Germany.","author":"Ravens-Sieberer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12236","article-title":"Correlates of perceived physical activity transitions during the COVID-19 pandemic among Canadian adults.","volume":"12","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well Being"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1712","article-title":"Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions.","volume":"369","author":"Roesch","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"B53","year":"","journal-title":"Verordnung 2 \u00fcber Massnahmen zur Bek\u00e4mpfung des Coronavirus (COVID-19) (COVID-19-Verordnung 2) \u00c4nderung vom 16. M\u00e4rz 2020."},{"key":"B54","year":"","journal-title":"Verordnung 2 \u00fcber Massnahmen zur Bek\u00e4mpfung des Coronavirus (COVID-19) (COVID-19-Verordnung 2) vom 13. M\u00e4rz 2020."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-012-0363-5","article-title":"Science with society in the Anthropocene.","volume":"42","author":"Seidl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa201","article-title":"The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population.","volume":"113","author":"Serafini","year":"2020","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/24j87","article-title":"The division of labour before & during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada.","author":"Shafer","year":"2020","journal-title":"SocArXiv Papers SocArxiv"},{"key":"B58","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aktuelles zum Coronavirus - Druck f\u00fcr mehr Tests steigt. Mittwoch, 18.03.2020, 05:07 Uhr. SRF Online News."},{"key":"B59","year":"","journal-title":"COVID-19: Empfehlungen zum \u00d6ffentlichen Verkehr Stand: 13.03.2020."},{"key":"B60","year":"","journal-title":"Plakat \u00ab Bleiben Sie jetzt zuhause. Retten Sie Leben. \u00bb vom Bundesamt f\u00fcr Gesundheit (Version vom 20. M\u00e4rz 2020) [Poster \u2018Stay home now. Save lives.\u2019 of the Federal Office of Public Health (version of 20 March 2020, in German)]."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208732","article-title":"How is COVID-19 experience transforming sustainability requirements of residential buildings? A Review.","volume":"12","author":"Tokazhanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-021-00398-x","article-title":"Do psychological needs play a role in times of uncertainty? Associations with well-being during the COVID-19 crisis.","author":"Vermote","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"B63","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12261","article-title":"Stress, physical activity, and screen-related sedentary behaviour within the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"13","author":"Woodruff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well Being"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2020.05.006","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity.","volume":"2","author":"Woods","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S132078","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on sleep quality, well-being, and affect in academic stress periods.","volume":"9","author":"Wunsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review.","volume":"277","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.735293\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T06:18:24Z","timestamp":1632809904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.735293\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.735293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.735293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"article-number":"735293"}}