{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:59:34Z","timestamp":1793105974409,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic fundamentally disrupted humans\u2019 social life and behavior. Public health measures may have inadvertently impacted how people care for each other. This study investigated prosocial behavior, its association well-being, and predictors of prosocial behavior during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and sought to understand whether region-specific differences exist. Participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 9,496) from eight regions clustering multiple countries around the world responded to a cross-sectional online-survey investigating the psychological consequences of the first upsurge of lockdowns in spring 2020. Prosocial behavior was reported to occur frequently. Multiple regression analyses showed that prosocial behavior was associated with better well-being consistently across regions. With regard to predictors of prosocial behavior, high levels of perceived social support were most strongly associated with prosocial behavior, followed by high levels of perceived stress, positive affect and psychological flexibility. Sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of prosocial behavior were similar across regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.775032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T15:16:29Z","timestamp":1644592589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["To Help or Not to Help? Prosocial Behavior, Its Association With Well-Being, and Predictors of Prosocial Behavior During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Haller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Lubenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovambattista","family":"Presti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Squatrito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Constantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiana","family":"Nicolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savvas","family":"Papacostas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6k\u00e7en","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuen Yu","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Tong","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda B.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana P.","family":"Obando-Posada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Segura-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilis S.","family":"Vasiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"H\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Baban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Dias Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Nunes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Monest\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Alvarez-Galvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Paez-Blarrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Montesinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonsoles","family":"Valdivia-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorottya","family":"Ori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kleszcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimo","family":"Lappalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Ivanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gosar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Dionne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda M.","family":"Merwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Karekla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelos P.","family":"Kassianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Gloster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1","author":"Abel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prosocial Behavior in the Time of Covid-19: The Effect of Private and Public Role Models. Discussion Paper Series 13207."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031578","article-title":"Prosocial spending and well-being: cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal.","volume":"104","author":"Aknin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232608","article-title":"Connecting perceived economic threat and prosocial tendencies: the explanatory role of empathic concern.","volume":"15","author":"Alonso-Ferres","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2307\/2786867","article-title":"Personality and social network involvement as predictors of helping behavior in everyday life.","volume":"53","author":"Amato","year":"1990","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.1.15","article-title":"Friend influence on prosocial behavior: the role of motivational factors and friendship characteristics.","volume":"42","author":"Barry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264385.wei0519","article-title":"Altruism and prosocial behavior","author":"Batson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Handbook of Psychology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.","volume":"117","author":"Baumeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B8","author":"Beardmore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apart But Not Alone \u2013 Neighbour Support and the Covid-19 Lockdown (Issue April)."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000576","article-title":"Helping out or helping yourself? Volunteering and life satisfaction across the retirement transition.","volume":"36","author":"Bj\u00e4lkebring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-006-9069-1","article-title":"Determinants of generalized trust: a cross-country comparison.","volume":"130","author":"Bj\u00f8rnskov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2021.101693","article-title":"Civic honesty and cultures of trust.","volume":"92","author":"Bj\u00f8rnskov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Behav. Exp. Econ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence.","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00005","article-title":"Stress leads to prosocial action in immediate need situations.","volume":"8","author":"Buchanan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2021.104367","article-title":"Prosociality predicts health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"195","author":"Campos-Mercade","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.21.2.77","article-title":"A new scale for measuring adults\u2019 prosocialness.","volume":"21","author":"Caprara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.2.231","article-title":"A cross-national study on the relations among prosocial moral reasoning, gender role orientations, and prosocial behaviors.","volume":"32","author":"Carlo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-020-09538-3","article-title":"Working parents, financial insecurity, and childcare: mental health in the time of COVID-19 in the UK.","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Househ."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00692-6","article-title":"Can psychological flexibility and prosociality mitigate illness perceptions toward COVID-19 on mental health? A cross-sectional study among Hong Kong adults.","volume":"17","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global. Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress.","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0051-5","article-title":"Negative life events, social support and gender difference in depression.","volume":"41","author":"Dalgard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-020-09502-1","article-title":"Women\u2019s and men\u2019s work, housework and childcare, before and during COVID-19.","volume":"18","author":"Del Boca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. House."},{"key":"B22","author":"Dholakia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Why Are We Panic Buying During the Coronavirus Pandemic?"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1348\/014466608X357893","article-title":"Everyone for themselves? A comparative study of crowd solidarity among emergency survivors.","volume":"48","author":"Drury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152864","article-title":"Spending money on others promotes happiness.","volume":"319","author":"Dunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00991640","article-title":"Empathy: conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior.","volume":"14","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.1.91","article-title":"The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors.","volume":"101","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190219000.013.15","article-title":"Prosocial behavior in retirement","author":"Fasbender","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/cp.12194","article-title":"The buffer role of psychological flexibility against the impact of major life events on depression symptoms","volume":"24","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919847202","article-title":"Evaluating effect size in psychological research: sense and nonsense.","volume":"2","author":"Funder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.76.2.299","article-title":"State or trait: effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work.","volume":"76","author":"George","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2021.09.001","article-title":"Psy-flex: a contextually sensitive measure of psychological flexibility.","volume":"22","author":"Gloster","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Contextual Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78251-z","article-title":"Increasing prosocial behavior and decreasing selfishness in the lab and everyday life.","volume":"10","author":"Gloster","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1159\/000511102","article-title":"How response styles moderate the relationship between daily stress and social interactions in depression, social phobia, and controls.","volume":"90","author":"Gloster","year":"","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244809","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: an international study.","volume":"15","author":"Gloster","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1578","article-title":"Daily fluctuation of emotions and memories thereof: design and methods of an experience sampling study of major depression, social phobia, and controls.","volume":"26","author":"Gloster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000051","article-title":"The impact of the 2009 red river flood on interpersonal risk factors for suicide.","volume":"32","author":"Gordon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12675","article-title":"Nordic welfare states\u2014still standing or changed by the COVID-19 crisis?","volume":"55","author":"Greve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Policy Adm."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105305057310","article-title":"Volunteering is associated with delayed mortality in older people: analysis of the longitudinal study of aging.","volume":"10","author":"Harris","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123417000655","article-title":"Violence, empathy and altruism: evidence from the ivorian refugee crisis in liberia.","volume":"50","author":"Hartman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Polit. Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006","article-title":"Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes.","volume":"44","author":"Hayes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science.","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000298","article-title":"Rewards of kindness? A meta-analysis of the link between prosociality and well-being.","volume":"146","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032317","article-title":"Effect of feeling good on helping: cookies and kindness.","volume":"21","author":"Isen","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01597-8","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of physical distance measures on the transmission of COVID-19 in the UK.","volume":"18","author":"Jarvis","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/yuq7x","article-title":"Don\u2019t get it or don\u2019t spread it? Comparing self-interested versus prosocial motivations for COVID-19 prevention behaviors.","author":"Jordan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PsyArXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02506964","article-title":"In search of altruistic community: patterns of social support mobilization following Hurricane Hugo.","volume":"23","author":"Kaniasty","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Commun. Psychol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.03.001","article-title":"Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health.","volume":"30","author":"Kashdan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20741","article-title":"Evaluating the psychometric properties of the mental health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF).","volume":"67","author":"Lamers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105316666657","article-title":"Coping with psychosomatic symptoms: the buffering role of psychological flexibility and impact on quality of life.","volume":"24","author":"Leonidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113190","article-title":"The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public \u2013 A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"291","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249392","article-title":"Adherence to behavioral Covid-19 mitigation measures strongly predicts mortality.","volume":"16","author":"Margraf","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-016-9552-z","article-title":"Prosocial behavior increases well-being and vitality even without contact with the beneficiary: causal and behavioral evidence.","volume":"40","author":"Martela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"238","article-title":"Helping as coping","author":"Midlarsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prosocial Behavior"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245865","article-title":"Using prosocial behavior to safeguard mental health and foster emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: a registered report protocol for a randomized trial.","volume":"16","author":"Miles","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0285","article-title":"The pandemic of hate is giving COVID-19 a helping hand.","volume":"102","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992901","article-title":"The effect of mood and incentives on helping: are there some things money can\u2019t buy?","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Malley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-017-9272-y","article-title":"Bidirectional relations between parenting and prosocial behavior for Asian and European-American emerging adults.","volume":"25","author":"Padilla-Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adult Dev."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199964772.001.0001","author":"Padilla-Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prosoical Development: A Multidimensional Approach"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620964422","article-title":"The emotional path to action: empathy promotes physical distancing and wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"31","author":"Pfattheicher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020092","article-title":"Having less, giving more: the influence of social class on prosocial behavior.","volume":"99","author":"Piff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300876","article-title":"Giving to others and the association between stress and mortality.","volume":"103","author":"Poulin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11467","article-title":"Spontaneous giving and calculated greed.","volume":"489","author":"Rand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702615611073","article-title":"Prosocial behavior mitigates the negative effects of stress in everyday life.","volume":"4","author":"Raposa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.40.5.899","article-title":"The joys of helping: focus of attention mediates the impact of positive affect on altruism.","volume":"40","author":"Rosenhan","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt225","article-title":"Family caregiving and all-cause mortality: findings from a population-based propensity-matched analysis.","volume":"178","author":"Roth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.17061\/phrp3022008","article-title":"How the COVID-19 pandemic is focusing attention on loneliness and social isolation.","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Res. Pract."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615795","author":"Staub","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others."},{"key":"B69","first-page":"33","article-title":"The roots of goodness: the fulfillment of basic human needs and the development of caring, helping and non-aggression, inclusive caring, moral courage, active bystandership, and altruism born of suffering.","volume":"51","author":"Staub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nebr. Symp. Motiv"},{"key":"B70","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Music and Encouragement From Balconies Around the World."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.3.411","article-title":"Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.","volume":"107","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.56","article-title":"Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior.","volume":"92","author":"Twenge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/vdw2e","article-title":"Prosocial behavior promotes positive emotion during the COVID-19 pandemic.","author":"Varma","year":"2020","journal-title":"PsyArXiv [Prerpint]"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2020.02.002","article-title":"The everyday lives of in- and outpatients when beginning therapy: the importance of values-consistent behavior.","volume":"20","author":"Villanueva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11211-009-0088-1","article-title":"Altruism born of suffering and prosocial behavior following adverse life events: a review and conceptualization.","volume":"22","author":"Vollhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Justice Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611431576","article-title":"The social dimension of stress reactivity: acute stress increases prosocial behavior in humans.","volume":"23","author":"von Dawans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-020-01092-1","article-title":"Consumer food stockpiling behavior and willingness to pay for food reserves in COVID-19.","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-013-1914-9","article-title":"Money, emotions, and ethics across individuals and countries.","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positiveand negative affect: the PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2015.07.010","article-title":"A review of informal volunteerism in emergencies and disasters: definition, opportunities and challenges.","volume":"13","author":"Whittaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Considerations in Adjusting Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of COVID-19. World Health Organisation Interim Guidance, November."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.05.006","article-title":"Catastrophe compassion: understanding and extending prosociality under crisis.","volume":"24","author":"Zaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.775032\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T15:16:40Z","timestamp":1644592600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.775032\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.775032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.775032","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"article-number":"775032"}}