{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:35:14Z","timestamp":1791426914409,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To test the psychometric properties, internal consistency, dimensional structure, and convergent validity of the German version of the Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II), and to examine the association between demoralization, sociodemographic, disease- and treatment-related variables in patients with cancer.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We recruited adult patients with cancer at a Psychosocial Counseling Center and at oncological wards. Participants completed the 16-item DS-II, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener-2 (GAD-2), Distress Thermometer (DT), and Body Image Scale (BIS). We analyzed internal consistency of the DS-II using Cronbach\u2018s Alpha (\u03b1). We tested the dimensional structure of the DS-II with Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA). Convergent validity was expressed through correlation coefficients with established measures of psychological distress. The associations between demoralization, sociodemographic, disease- and treatment-related variables were examined with ANOVAs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Out of 942 eligible patients, 620 participated. The average DS-II total score was <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 5.78, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 6.34, the <jats:italic>Meaning and Purpose<\/jats:italic> subscale <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 2.20, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 3.20, and the <jats:italic>Distress and Coping Ability<\/jats:italic> subscale <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 3.58, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 3.45. Internal consistency ranged from high to excellent with \u03b1 = 0.93 for the DS-II total scale, \u03b1 = 0.90 for the <jats:italic>Meaning and Purpose<\/jats:italic> subscale, and \u03b1 = 0.87 for the <jats:italic>Distress and Coping Ability<\/jats:italic> subscale. The one-factor and the two-factor model yielded similar model fits, with CFI and TLI ranging between 0.910 and 0.933, SRMR &amp;lt; 0.05. The DS-II correlated significantly with depression (PHQ-9: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.69), anxiety (GAD-2: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.72), mental distress (DT: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.36), and body image disturbance (BIS: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.58). High levels of demoralization were reported by patients aged between 18 and 49 years (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 7.77, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 6.26), patients who were divorced\/separated (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 7.64, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 7.29), lung cancer patients (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 9.29, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 8.20), and those receiving no radiotherapy (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 7.46, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 6.60).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The DS-II has very good psychometric properties and can be recommended as a reliable tool for assessing demoralization in patients with cancer. The results support the implementation of a screening for demoralization in specific risk groups due to significantly increased demoralization scores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.789793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T19:30:02Z","timestamp":1638300602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Psychometric Evaluation of the German Version of the Demoralization Scale-II and the Association Between Demoralization, Sociodemographic, Disease- and Treatment-Related Factors in Patients With Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Koranyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M.","family":"Hufeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim J.","family":"Hartung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonhard","family":"Quintero Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"Fendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Letsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Esser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Mehnert-Theuerkauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4843","article-title":"Demoralization and death anxiety in advanced cancer.","volume":"27","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.11.016","article-title":"Multicenter study of the psychometric properties of the new Demoralization Scale (DS-II) in Spanish-speaking advanced cancer patients.","volume":"57","author":"Belar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.074","article-title":"The relationship between demoralization and depressive symptoms among patients from the general hospital: network and exploratory graph analysis.","volume":"276","author":"Belvederi Murri","year":"","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.109889","article-title":"Assessing demoralization in medically ill patients: factor structure of the Italian version of the demoralization scale and development of short versions with the item response theory framework.","volume":"128","author":"Belvederi Murri","year":"","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2018.1519781","article-title":"Measuring postnatal demoralisation: adaptation of the Demoralisation Scale-II (DS-II) for postnatal use.","volume":"36","author":"Bobevski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1044","article-title":"Sense of coherence as a protective factor for demoralisation in women with a recent diagnosis of gynaecological cancer.","volume":"16","author":"Boscaglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091211023482","article-title":"Demoralization in end-of-life cancer patients\u2019 family caregivers: a cross-sectional study.","author":"Bovero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hospice Palliative Care"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31539","article-title":"Individual meaning-centered psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological and existential distress: a randomized controlled trial in patients with advanced cancer.","volume":"124","author":"Breitbart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.57.2198","article-title":"Meaning-centered group psychotherapy: an effective intervention for improving psychological well-being in patients with advanced cancer.","volume":"33","author":"Breitbart","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/07347332.2018.1521490","article-title":"Prevalence of psychosocial distress in cancer patients across 55 North American cancer centers.","volume":"37","author":"Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Oncol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2002.01086.x","article-title":"Demoralization: its phenomenology and importance.","volume":"36","author":"Clarke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","author":"Cohen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1708\/1292.14291","article-title":"La versione italiana della Demoralization Scale: uno studio di validazione [Italian version of Demoralization Scale: a validation study].","volume":"48","author":"Costantini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rivista Psichiatr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072232","article-title":"Demoralization and its relationship with depression and hopelessness in suicidal patients attending an emergency department.","volume":"17","author":"Costanza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440x(82)90085-2","article-title":"Subjective incompetence, the clinical hallmark of demoralization.","volume":"23","author":"de Figueiredo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.660588","article-title":"Cancer-related distress: how often does it co-occur with a mental disorder? - Results of a secondary analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Ernst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-04805-1","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in long-term survivors 5 and 10 years after cancer diagnosis.","volume":"28","author":"G\u00f6tze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05191blu","article-title":"Psychological characterization of demoralization in the setting of heart transplantation.","volume":"72","author":"Grandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4413","article-title":"The factor structure and use of the Demoralization Scale (DS-IT) in Italian cancer patients.","volume":"26","author":"Grassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.45.6.483","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for psychosomatic research and psychosocial variables in breast cancer patients.","volume":"45","author":"Grassi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1159\/000083168","article-title":"Use of the diagnostic criteria for psychosomatic research in oncology.","volume":"74","author":"Grassi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1556\/OH.2012.29346","article-title":"A demoraliz\u00e1ci\u00f3s sk\u00e1la magyarorsz\u00e1gi bevezet\u00e9se, a depresszi\u00f3 \u00e9s a demoraliz\u00e1ci\u00f3 vizsg\u00e1lata hospice-betegek k\u00f6r\u00e9ben [Introduction of the demoralization scale in Hungary, a study on demoralization and depression among hospice patients].","volume":"153","author":"Hadnagy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orvosi Hetilap"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.11.017","article-title":"The risk of being depressed is significantly higher in cancer patients than in the general population: prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms across major cancer types.","volume":"72","author":"Hartung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/wf6q5","article-title":"The German version of the body image scale: validation among a sample of cancer survivors.","author":"Hartung","year":"2021","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.012","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener GAD-7, based on a large German general population sample.","volume":"210","author":"Hinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(00)00353-1","article-title":"A body image scale for use with cancer patients.","volume":"37","author":"Hopwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives.","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"427","article-title":"Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the mandarin version of demoralization scale for cancer patients.","volume":"21","author":"Hung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Taiwan"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.04.013","article-title":"Frequency of demoralization and depression in cancer patients.","volume":"60","author":"Ignatius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1012939310459","article-title":"The psychosocial impact of cancer and lupus: a cross validation study that extends the generality of \u201cbenefit-finding\u201d in patients with chronic disease.","volume":"24","author":"Katz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/082585971403000402","article-title":"Demoralization: a life-preserving diagnosis to make for the severely medically ill.","volume":"30","author":"Kissane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Palliative Care"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/082585970101700103","article-title":"Demoralization syndrome-a relevant psychiatric diagnosis for palliative care.","volume":"17","author":"Kissane","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Palliative Care"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/082585970402000402","article-title":"The Demoralization Scale: a report of its development and preliminary validation.","volume":"20","author":"Kissane","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Palliative Care"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Int. Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-011-1332-4","article-title":"Demoralization syndrome among cancer outpatients in Taiwan.","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.019","article-title":"A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population.","volume":"122","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"221","article-title":"Suicide in patients with cancer: identifying the risk factors.","volume":"33","author":"McFarland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.56.0086","article-title":"Four-week prevalence of mental disorders in patients with cancer across major tumor entities.","volume":"32","author":"Mehnert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4464","article-title":"One in two cancer patients is significantly distressed: prevalence and indicators of distress.","volume":"27","author":"Mehnert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1024\/1661-4747.54.3.213","article-title":"Die deutsche Version des NCCN Distress-Thermometers [The German version of the NCCN Distress Thermometer: validation of a screening instrument for assessment of psychosocial distress in cancer patients].","volume":"54","author":"Mehnert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Psychiatr. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.02.013","article-title":"Demoralization and depression in patients with advanced cancer: validation of the German version of the demoralization scale.","volume":"42","author":"Mehnert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951509990253","article-title":"Validation of the Demoralization Scale in an Irish advanced cancer sample.","volume":"7","author":"Mullane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Palliative Support. Care"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4824","article-title":"Relationship of demoralization with anxiety, depression, and quality of life: a Southern European study of Italian and Portuguese cancer patients.","volume":"27","author":"Nanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1415","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in patients with cancer.","volume":"361","author":"Pitman","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.681977","article-title":"Norm values and psychometric properties of the 24-Item Demoralization Scale (DS-I) in a representative sample of the German general population.","volume":"12","author":"Quintero Garz\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4823","article-title":"Perceived doctor-patient relationship and its association with demoralization in patients with advanced cancer.","volume":"27","author":"Quintero Garz\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4321\/S0213-61632013000100002","article-title":"Subtyping demoralization in the medically ill by cluster analysis.","volume":"27","author":"Rafanelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.07.008","article-title":"A systematic review of the demoralization syndrome in individuals with progressive disease and cancer: a decade of research.","volume":"49","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30012","article-title":"Refinement and revalidation of the Demoralization Scale: the DS-II - external validity.","volume":"122","author":"Robinson","year":"","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30015","article-title":"Refinement and revalidation of the Demoralization Scale: the DS-II - internal validity.","volume":"122","author":"Robinson","year":"","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909114553461","article-title":"A review of the construct of demoralization: history, definitions, and future directions for palliative care.","volume":"33","author":"Robinson","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Hospice Palliative Care"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/1526924820978602","article-title":"Differentiating depression from demoralization in organ transplantation recipients.","volume":"31","author":"Rzeszut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Transpl."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures.","volume":"8","author":"Schermelleh-Engel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Psychol. Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x","article-title":"Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline.","volume":"17","author":"Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5296","article-title":"The differences and the relationship between demoralization and depression in Chinese cancer patients.","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2015.06.005","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of demoralization and depression in patients with cancer.","volume":"56","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30749","article-title":"The association of demoralization with mental disorders and suicidal ideation in patients with cancer.","volume":"123","author":"Vehling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-010-0845-6","article-title":"Global meaning and meaning-related life attitudes: exploring their role in predicting depression, anxiety, and demoralization in cancer patients.","volume":"19","author":"Vehling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1866","article-title":"Is advanced cancer associated with demoralization and lower global meaning? The role of tumor stage and physical problems in explaining existential distress in cancer patients.","volume":"21","author":"Vehling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059417","article-title":"Receiving palliative treatment moderates the effect of age and gender on demoralization in patients with cancer.","volume":"8","author":"Vehling","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06195-9","article-title":"Demoralization and depression in Chinese cancer patients.","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.789793\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T19:30:09Z","timestamp":1638300609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.789793\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.789793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.789793","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"article-number":"789793"}}