{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:16:46Z","timestamp":1787876206447,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic pushed almost all institutions to adopt online and virtual education. The uncertainty of this situation produced various questions that perplexed educationists regarding what implications the pandemic would have on educational institutions, especially regarding how the switch to online education would impact the behavior and performance of students. The vast importance of this matter attracted the attention of researchers and served as the motivation for this research, which aims to resolve this confusion by studying the use of mobile learning (ML) among students for educational purposes during the COVID-19 period. This study also examines how this situation has affected student learning behavior (LB) and performance (SP) in the higher education setting. This research is based on collaborative learning theory, sociocultural learning theory, and ML theory. This quantitative research employed the convenient sampling technique to collect data through structured questionnaires distributed to 396 students of higher education institutions who carry a mobile device. This study used descriptive and inferential statistics to make the data more meaningful. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS software was used for hypothesis testing. The results showed that ML was a significant and positive predictor of SP and LB. Moreover, student LB partially mediated the relationship between ML and SP. The findings suggest that the academic performance of students can be enhanced by building a ML environment that aligns with the LB of students. Nevertheless, content suitable for ML must be developed, and future research should be conducted on this topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.796298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T16:51:56Z","timestamp":1644339116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Advent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Impact of Mobile Learning on Student Learning Performance: The Mediating Role of Student Learning Behavior"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alia","family":"Qadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alia","family":"Asmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sheeraz","family":"Aslam Mian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Personalizing learning with mobile technology in secondary education","author":"Admiraal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Association for Development of the Information Society"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076477","article-title":"A Bayesian analysis of attribution processes","volume":"82","author":"Ajzen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.3390\/su13041856","article-title":"For Sustainable application of mobile learning: an extended UTAUT model to examine the effect of technical factors on the usage of mobile devices as a learning tool.","volume":"13","author":"Alghazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"102","article-title":"Mobile applications\u2019 impact on student performance and satisfaction.","volume":"14","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2015","journal-title":"TOJET Turkish Online J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"299","article-title":"Exploring the factors that affect student satisfaction through using e-learning in Malaysian higher education institutions.","volume":"6","author":"Al-Rahmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach.","volume":"103","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"1","author":"Bandura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theoretical Perspectives. Self\u2013Efficacy: The Exercise of Control."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1108\/dpm-07-2017-0173","article-title":"Online learning during post-earthquake school closures.","volume":"27","author":"Baytiyeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disaster Prev. Manag."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"65","article-title":"E- and M-learning: a comparative study","volume":"4","author":"Behera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. New Trends Educ. Their Implic."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.07.145","article-title":"Adoption and application of mobile learning in the education industry.","volume":"90","author":"Bidin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00260","article-title":"Prosocial foundations of children\u2019s academic achievement.","volume":"11","author":"Caprara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.93.1.55","article-title":"Academic self-efficacy and first year college student performance and adjustment","volume":"93","author":"Chemers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/ENC.2008.32","article-title":"A model for collaborative learning objects based on mobile devices","author":"Cruz-Flores","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 Mexican International Conference on Computer Science."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"1","author":"Czerniewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"What we Learnt From \u201cGoing Online\u201d During University Shutdowns in South Africa. Philon Edtech."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00326","article-title":"Team potency and cooperative learning in the university setting.","volume":"22","author":"del Barco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Psicodid\u00e1ctica (English Ed.)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/14681360701403565","article-title":"Cultural disconnection in virtual education.","volume":"15","author":"Dillon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pedagogy Cult. Soc."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"20","article-title":"The effect of mobile learning on Students\u2019 achievement and conversational skills.","volume":"5","author":"Elfeky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. High. Educ."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"1","author":"Eyles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Covid-19 School Shutdowns: What Will They do to Our Children\u2019s Education? Economic and Social Research Council."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9465-2","article-title":"Influential factors for mobile learning acceptance among Chinese users.","volume":"65","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPAIR.2011.5976941","article-title":"Mobile learning course content application as a revision tool: the effectiveness and usability","author":"Hashim","year":"2011","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Pattern Analysis and Intelligence Robotics"},{"key":"B21","author":"Hatcher","year":"1994","journal-title":"A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v10i3.5316","article-title":"Mobile learning in malaysian universities: are students ready?","volume":"10","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Mobile Technol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.12785\/ijlms\/020103","article-title":"Students\u2019 attitudes and perceptions towards using m-learning for French language learning: a case study on Princess Nora University.","volume":"2","author":"Jaradat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Learn. Manag. Syst."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.285716","article-title":"ICTs and educational development: the utilization of mobile phones in distance education in Nigeria.","volume":"18","author":"Kabir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turkish Online J. Distance Educ."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214206","article-title":"The current perspectives, theories and practices of mobile learning.","volume":"10","author":"Keskin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turkish Online J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v3s1.949","article-title":"A mobile learning model for universities.","volume":"3","author":"Khaddage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Mobile Technol."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"375","article-title":"Impacts of mobile learning in motivation, engagement and achievement of learners: review of literature.","volume":"12","author":"Kilis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gaziantep Univ. J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2014.01.013","article-title":"Using smart mobile devices in social-network-based health education practice: a learning behavior analysis.","volume":"34","author":"Koole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/s0747-5632(02)00057-2","article-title":"Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computer-supported collaborative learning environments: a review of the research.","volume":"19","author":"Kreijns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"180","article-title":"Designing for mobile and wireless learning","author":"Kukulska-Hulme","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rethinking Pedagogy for a Digital Age: Designing and Delivering E-Learning"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMLO.2019.096471","article-title":"The effects of mobile learning for nursing students: learning motivation, social interaction and study performance.","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mobile Learn. Organ."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7995-5_9","article-title":"Preference and Readiness of Nursing Students for Mobile Learning.","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Innov. Open Flex. Educ."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/02680513.2018.1454832","article-title":"Effects of mobile apps for nursing students: learning motivation, social interaction and study performance.","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Open Learn."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"226","article-title":"Internet self-efficacy and preferences toward constructivist internet-based learning environments: a study of pre-school teachers in Taiwan","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"1","article-title":"From offline to online: challenges and opportunities for entrepreneurship education following the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"3","author":"Liguori","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE J."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"602","article-title":"Identifying discriminating variables that determine mobile learning adoption by educators: an initial study, Same places, different spaces.","volume":"1","author":"MacCallum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Ascilite Auckland"},{"key":"B37","author":"Malhotra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"223","article-title":"Making learning fun: a taxonomic model of intrinsic motivations for learning","author":"Malone","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aptitude, Learning and Instruction III:Conative and Affective Process Analyses"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"1","author":"Means","year":"2000","journal-title":"Evaluation of Evidence\u2013Based Practices in Online Learning: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies. Project Report. Centre for Learning Technology."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1504\/ijmc.2023.10042533","article-title":"Mobile learning in Higher education: unavoidable alternative during COVID-19.","volume":"4","author":"Naciri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquademia"},{"key":"B41","author":"Nilsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"The State of Personalized Learning in The Real World of Education: Survey and Infographic."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_8","article-title":"Gender and perceived self-efficacy in self-regulated learning.","volume":"41","author":"Pajares","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theory Pract."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1145\/2490257.2490278","article-title":"Virtual communities of inquiry (VCoI) for learning basic algorithmic structures with Open Simulator and Scratch4OS: a case study from the Secondary education in Greece","author":"Pellas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Balkan Conference in Informatics"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"1","article-title":"An interesting profile-university students who take distance education courses show weaker motivation than on-campus students.","volume":"5","author":"Qureshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Online J. Distance Learn. Adm."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v13i02.7685","article-title":"Smartphone habits and behaviors in supporting students self-efficacy.","volume":"12","author":"Razzaq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03564-1504r01","article-title":"What is social learning?","volume":"15","author":"Reed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.2.261","article-title":"Do psychosocial and study skill factors predict college outcomes? A meta-analysis.","volume":"130","author":"Robbins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.9734\/bjast\/2013\/3766","article-title":"Exploring major challenges and benefits of m-learning adoption.","volume":"3","author":"Sarrab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240309462","article-title":"Community of practice: a metaphor for online design?","volume":"19","author":"Schwen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inform. Soc."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473955011.n4","article-title":"A theory of learning for the mobile age","author":"Sharples","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAGE Handbook of E-Learning Research"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6982824","article-title":"Modeling learners\u2019 readiness to adopt mobile learning: a perspective from a GCC higher education institution.","volume":"2016","author":"Shorfuzzaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mobile Inform. Syst."},{"key":"B52","author":"Srinivas","year":"2011","journal-title":"What is Collaborative Learning?."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11125-020-09468-z","article-title":"Education, the science of learning, and the COVID-19 crisis.","volume":"1","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prospects"},{"key":"B54","first-page":"1","author":"Tinto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Building Learning Communities for New College Students: A Summary of Research Finding of the Collaborative Learning Project."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29333\/pr\/7947","article-title":"Challenges and Opportunities for Higher Education Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Philippine Context.","volume":"5","author":"Toquero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pedagog. Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-005-3629-2","article-title":"Plausibility and verb subcategorization in temporarily ambiguous sentences: evidence from self-paced reading.","volume":"34","author":"Traxler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psycholinguistic Res."},{"key":"B57","first-page":"309","article-title":"The development of epistemic relativism versus social relativism via online peer assessment, and their relations with epistemological beliefs and internet self-efficacy.","volume":"15","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.33225\/jbse\/20.19.180","article-title":"New playmaker in science education: COVID-19.","volume":"19","author":"Usak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Baltic Sci. Educ."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v11i1.794","article-title":"Using mobile phones to improve educational outcomes: an analysis of evidence from Asia.","volume":"11","author":"Valk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view.","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"52","article-title":"Socio-cultural theory.","volume":"6","author":"Vygotsky","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mind Soc."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2008.00846.x","article-title":"The impact of mobile learning on Students\u2019 learning behaviours and performance: report from a large blended classroom.","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.03.004","article-title":"The role of feedback and self-efficacy on web-based learning: the social cognitive perspective.","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-4405(01)00084-x","article-title":"Linkages between children\u2019s social and academic competence: a longitudinal analysis.","volume":"39","author":"Welsh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01589.x","article-title":"Relations between social competence and academic achievement in early adolescence","volume":"62","author":"Wentzel","year":"","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543061001001","article-title":"Social competence at school: relations between social responsibility and academic achievement.","volume":"61","author":"Wentzel","year":"","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10355-1","article-title":"Does being good make the grade? Social behaviour and academic competence in middle school.","volume":"85","author":"Wentzel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"201","article-title":"On the changing nature of learning context: anticipating the virtual extensions of the world.","volume":"14","author":"Westera","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2014.12.003","article-title":"Group interactive network and behavioral patterns in online English-to-Chinese cooperative translation activity.","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.12.033","article-title":"Academic motivation levels of technical high school students.","volume":"106","author":"Yukseloglua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B71","first-page":"24","article-title":"Effects of mobile learning on paramedical students\u2019 academic achievement and self-regulation.","volume":"3","author":"Zare Bidaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Med. Educ. J."},{"key":"B72","author":"Zins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Building Academic Success Through Social and Emotional Learning: What Does the Research Say?."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.796298\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T16:52:45Z","timestamp":1644339165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.796298\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.796298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.796298","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"article-number":"796298"}}