{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:21:54Z","timestamp":1753892514334,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present article introduces the German translation of the Inflexible Eating Questionnaire (IEQ-G), performs a psychometric evaluation, and explores the relationship of Inflexible Eating to the subscales of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cross-sectional study was carried out in the German-speaking area. A paper and pencil survey was completed by 612 females and 442 males of the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SEM analyses showed that the IEQ-G allows for calculating a total score and invariance tests were mostly promising. As a side result, the original 4-factorial structure of the EDE-Q could not be replicated, but a 3 dimensional solution proved convincing. From a psychometric point of view, the IEQ-G outperformed the EDE-Q. On a latent level, Inflexible Eating was remarkably strong related to OC-symptoms and the EDE-Q subscales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The detail analyses revealed that Eating Disorder assessment in general lacks subgroup-specific aspects, for instance, regarding gender or dietary preferences, important for early diagnosis and screening of ED. The IEQ-G proved applicable in a German speaking adult population and recommends itself for cross-cultural studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1002463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T06:08:40Z","timestamp":1671430120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Strengths and weaknesses of the German translation of the Inflexible Eating Questionnaire and of eating disorder assessment in general"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Schultz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer W.","family":"Alexandrowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2012.09.002","article-title":"Norms and discriminative validity of the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q)","volume":"13","author":"Aardoom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eat. Behav"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.08.001","article-title":"What is the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders?","volume":"29","author":"Altman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev"},{"volume-title":"Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Eating Disorders. 3 Edn","year":"2006","key":"B3"},{"volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn","year":"2013","key":"B4"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000453","article-title":"Relapse in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Berends","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20931","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the eating disorder examination and eating disorder examination-questionnaire: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"BohnT.\n          What Are the 10 Most Spoken Languages in Europe?2018"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00708-5","article-title":"Reliability and validity of self-reported height and weight among high school students","volume":"32","author":"Brener","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adolescent Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","article-title":"Back-translation for cross-cultural research","volume":"1","author":"Brislin","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2012.05.011","article-title":"Disordered eating, perfectionism, and food rules","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eat. Behav"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"872","article-title":"Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: a walk through the process","volume":"20","author":"Byrne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000703","article-title":"Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q): norms and psychometric properties in UK females and males","volume":"31","author":"Carey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-0963-5","article-title":"Are lifetime affective disorders predictive of long-term outcome in severe adolescent anorexia nervosa?","volume":"26","author":"Carrot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"CarterE. M.\n            ColwellS. R.\n          Chi-Square Difference Testing Using the Satorra-Bentler Scaled Chi-Square: For chi-Square Difference Testing Using the MLR (Maximum Likelihood Robust) or MLM (Satorra-Bentler's Maximum Likelihood Mean Adjusted) Estimator2013"},{"volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance","year":"2012","author":"Cash","key":"B15"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/01.crd.0000216745.96062.7c","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of eating disorders","volume":"14","author":"Casiero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2018.1437652","article-title":"Investigation of eating and deviant behaviors in bodybuilders according to their competitive engagement","volume":"40","author":"Chaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deviant Behav"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000477","article-title":"Eating disorder core symptoms and symptom pathways across developmental stages: a network analysis","volume":"129","author":"Christian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0968(199809)6:3<154::AID-ERV257>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Machismo nervosa: an ominous variant of bulimia nervosa","volume":"6","author":"Connan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Eating Disord. Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198701)6:1<1::AID-EAT2260060102>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"The eating disorder examination: a semi-structured interview for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders","volume":"6","author":"Cooper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716000027","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Cucchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2013.01.008","article-title":"Factor structure of the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) in male and female college athletes","volume":"10","author":"Darcy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B23","article-title":"\u201cSCL-90-R, administration, scoring &procedures manual-I for the R(evised) version,\u201d","volume-title":"Clinical Psychometric Research","author":"Derogatis","year":"1977"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.03.034","article-title":"What makes dietary restraint problematic? Development and validation of the Inflexible eating questionnaire","volume":"114","author":"Duarte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-015-0212-1","article-title":"Normative body dissatisfaction and eating psychopathology in teenage girls: the impact of inflexible eating rules","volume":"21","author":"Duarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorexia Bulimia Obesity"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01068","article-title":"The implicit association of high-fat food and shame among women recovered from eating disorders","volume":"11","author":"Elran-Barak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-9523(03)00281-2","article-title":"Accuracy of self-reported height and weight in women: an integrative review of the literature","volume":"48","author":"Engstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire?","volume":"16","author":"Fairburn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1093-1","article-title":"Screening for eating disorders on college campuses: a review of the recent literature","volume":"21","author":"Fitzsimmons-Craft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198805000-00001","article-title":"Developing instruments for cross-cultural psychiatric research","volume":"176","author":"Flaherty","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Nervous Mental Dis"},{"volume-title":"Die Symptom-Checkliste von Derogatis (SCL-90-R)-Deutsche Version-Manual","year":"2002","author":"Franke","key":"B31"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1389","article-title":"Core pathology of eating disorders as measured by the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q): The predictive role of a nested general (g) and primary factors","volume":"22","author":"Friborg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207256","article-title":"Development and psychometric validation of the EDE-QS, a 12 Item short form of the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q): correction","volume":"11","author":"Gideon","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12601","article-title":"One size does not fit all: exploring how the five-factor model facets predict disordered eating behaviours among adolescent and young adult males and females","author":"Gilmartin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370605100306","article-title":"Body image, binge eating, and bulimia nervosa in male bodybuilders","volume":"51","author":"Goldfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22358","article-title":"Factor structure and construct validity of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire in college students: further support for a modified brief version","volume":"48","author":"Grilo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B37","unstructured":"Severe anorexia nervosa in men: comparison with severe AN in women and analysis of mortality537545\n            GueguenJ.\n            GodartN.\n            ChambryJ.\n            Brun-EberentzA.\n            FoulonC.\n            DivacPh,D, S. M.\n          10.1002\/eat.2098722271620Int. J. Eat. Disord452012"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2021.101579","article-title":"The ironic effects of dietary restraint in situations that undermine self-regulation","volume":"43","author":"Hagerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat. Behav"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006","article-title":"Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes","volume":"44","author":"Hayes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22848","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire: A comparison of five factor solutions across vegan and omnivore participants","volume":"51","author":"Heiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2020.101447","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the EDE-Q in vegans and omnivores: support for the brief three factor model","volume":"39","author":"Heiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eat. Behav"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x","article-title":"Restrained and unrestrained eating","volume":"43","author":"Herman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Person"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199907000-00012","article-title":"Recovery and relapse in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a 7.5-year follow-up study","volume":"38","author":"Herzog","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","article-title":"\u201cEating disorder examination-questionnaire deutschsprachige \u00dcbersetzung,\u201d","volume-title":"Verlag f\u00fcr Pschotherapie","author":"Hilbert","year":"2006"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.53.3.144","article-title":"Eating disorder examination-questionnaire: evaluation der deutschsprachigen \u00fcbersetzung","volume":"53","author":"Hilbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7275\/qazy-2946","article-title":"Improving Multiple-Group confirmatory factor analysis in R-A tutorial in measurement invariance with continuous and ordinal indicators","volume":"19","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Evaluat"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2013.10.005","article-title":"Defining features of unhealthy exercise associated with disordered eating and eating disorder diagnoses","volume":"15","author":"Holland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equat. Model"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.040","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"61","author":"Hudson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"5","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"semTools: useful tools for structural equation modeling"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.12.2215","article-title":"Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa","volume":"161","author":"Kaye","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22487","article-title":"The eating disorder examination-questionnaire 8: a brief measure of eating disorder psychopathology (EDE-Q8)","volume":"49","author":"Kliem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2009.09.005","article-title":"Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q): norms for undergraduate men","volume":"11","author":"Lavender","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eat. Behav"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00403-x","article-title":"Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q-13): expanding on the short form","volume":"9","author":"Lev-Ari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10103","article-title":"Gender differences in eating disorder symptoms in young adults","volume":"32","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2013.11.005","article-title":"Acceptance and commitment therapy for weight control: model, evidence, and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Lillis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Contextual Behav. Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.04.026","article-title":"The relationship between dietary restraint and binge eating: examining eating-related self-efficacy as a moderator","volume":"127","author":"Linardon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104380","article-title":"Factor structure and psychometric properties of the inflexible eating questionnaire in a sample of adult women","volume":"142","author":"Linardon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.003","article-title":"Rates of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in eating disorders: a meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"277","author":"Mandelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.1025","article-title":"Forbidden fruit: does thinking about a prohibited food lead to its consumption?","volume":"29","author":"Mann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2011.01.007","article-title":"The role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between self-concealment and disordered eating symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Masuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eat. Behav"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-022-01428-0","article-title":"Disordered eating and the meat-avoidance spectrum: a systematic review and clinical implications","volume":"27","author":"McLean","year":"","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorexia Bulimia Obesity"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.10.006","article-title":"Psychometric properties and factor structure of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire in omnivores, vegetarians, and vegans","volume":"43","author":"McLean","year":"","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01330-1","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical implications of the relationship between veganism and pathological eating behaviours","volume":"27","author":"McLean","year":"","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorexia Bulimia Obesity"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20825","article-title":"Medical complications of bulimia nervosa and their treatments","volume":"44","author":"Mehler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01119-2","article-title":"Exploring the role of feeling fat in individuals categorized with bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder and overweight\/obesity","volume":"26","author":"Messer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorexia Bulimia Obesity"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-015-0058-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of eating disorders, eating disordered behaviour, and body image disturbance in males: a narrative review","volume":"3","author":"Mitchison","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22097","article-title":"Sex differences in health-related quality of life impairment associated with eating disorder features: a general population study","volume":"46","author":"Mitchison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00060-0","article-title":"Eating disorders in adolescent boys: a review of the adolescent and young adult literature","volume":"33","author":"Muise","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adolescent Health"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01823-1","article-title":"Treatment of eating disorders in older people: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Mulchandani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.168427","article-title":"Evolving eating disorder psychopathology: conceptualising muscularity-oriented disordered eating","volume":"208","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.08.001","article-title":"The enigma of male eating disorders: a critical review and synthesis","volume":"57","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.01.008","article-title":"A comparison of eating, exercise, shape, and weight related symptomatology in males with muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa","volume":"9","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2010.00561.x","article-title":"Overestimation and underestimation: Adolescents' weight perception in comparison to BMI-based weight status and how it varies across socio-demographic factors","volume":"81","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3200\/GENP.135.4.343-358","article-title":"Body image and eating disorders in older adults: a review","volume":"135","author":"Peat","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Psychol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83245","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083245","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) and norms for rural and urban adolescent males and females in Mexico","volume":"8","author":"Penelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20373","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire: factor structure and internal consistency","volume":"40","author":"Peterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22671","article-title":"A thematic content analysis of# cheatmeal images on social media: characterizing an emerging dietary trend","volume":"50","author":"Pila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"volume-title":"The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession","year":"2000","author":"Pope","key":"B79"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.04.003","article-title":"The epidemiology of eating disorders in six European countries: results of the ESEMeD-WMH project","volume":"43","author":"Preti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res"},{"volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2019","key":"B81"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000113","article-title":"A review of eating disorders in males","volume":"27","author":"Raevuori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117738046","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q): a confirmatory factor analysis and assessment of measurement invariance by sex","volume":"27","author":"Rand-Giovannetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.05.009","article-title":"Rumination, experiential avoidance, and dysfunctional thinking in eating disorders","volume":"48","author":"Rawal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01234-0","article-title":"Establishing the optimal male cut-off point: confirmatory factor analysis of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q) in a representative sample of Spanish university students","volume":"27","author":"Rica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorexia Bulimia Obesity"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"key":"B87","first-page":"399","article-title":"\u201cCorrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis,\u201d","volume-title":"Latent Variables Analysis: Applications for Developmental Research","author":"Satorra","year":"1994"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-009-9135-y","article-title":"Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference chi-square test statistic","volume":"75","author":"Satorra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2021.1877548","article-title":"Computational options for standard errors and test statistics with incomplete normal and nonnormal data in SEM","volume":"29","author":"Savalei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct. Equat. Model"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12134","article-title":"Dietary restraint: what's the harm? A review of the relationship between dietary restraint, weight trajectory and the development of eating pathology","volume":"6","author":"Schaumberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Obesity"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008931926181","article-title":"The symptom check-list-90-R (SCL-90-R): a German validation study","volume":"9","author":"Schmitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410610904","volume-title":"A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Schumacker","year":"2004"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2012.751124","article-title":"Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder complicated by comorbid eating disorders","volume":"42","author":"Simpson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0282-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates","volume":"14","author":"Smink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22843","article-title":"Implicit attitudes toward eating stimuli differentiate eating disorder and non-eating disorder groups and predict eating disorder behaviors","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22716","article-title":"Male clinical norms and sex differences on the eating disorder inventory (EDI) and eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q)","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.2001.0445","article-title":"Rigid vs. flexible dieting: association with eating disorder symptoms in nonobese women","volume":"38","author":"Stewart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.16.1.51","article-title":"Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of acute dietary restriction? Unobtrusive observational data suggest not","volume":"16","author":"Stice","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030679","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women","volume":"122","author":"Stice","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20962","article-title":"Why men should be included in research on binge eating: results from a comparison of psychosocial impairment in men and women","volume":"45","author":"Striegel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20625","article-title":"Gender difference in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms","volume":"42","author":"Striegel-Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20293","article-title":"Are there gender differences in core symptoms, temperament, and short-term prospective outcome in anorexia nervosa?","volume":"39","author":"Strober","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.09.013","article-title":"A cross-country examination of emotional eating, restrained eating and intuitive eating: measurement Invariance across eight countries","volume":"35","author":"Strodl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(85)90010-8","article-title":"The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger","volume":"29","author":"Stunkard","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867411432071","article-title":"The comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: prevalence in an eating disorder sample and anxiety disorder sample","volume":"46","author":"Swinbourne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"volume-title":"Using Multivariate Statistics, Vol. 5","year":"2007","author":"Tabachnick","key":"B106"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01239-9","article-title":"Validation of the inflexible eating questionnaire in a large sample of Chinese adolescents: psychometric properties and gender-related differential item functioning","volume":"27","author":"Tie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorexia Bulimia Obesity"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.02.005","article-title":"Will the real vegetarian please stand up? An investigation of dietary restraint and eating disorder symptoms in vegetarians versus non-vegetarians","volume":"58","author":"Timko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030893","article-title":"The Intuitive Eating Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men","volume":"60","author":"Tylka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.09.008","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in women and men with eating disorders results from a large clinical database","volume":"230","author":"Ulfvebrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.857","article-title":"Denial and concealment of eating disorders: a retrospective survey","volume":"16","author":"Vandereycken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384925-0.00112-7","article-title":"Self-discrepancy theory and body image","volume":"2","author":"Vartanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Body Image Hum. Appearance"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.3.510","article-title":"Obesity: responding to the global epidemic","volume":"70","author":"Wadden","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048686","article-title":"Adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: 18-year outcome","volume":"194","author":"Wentz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(91)90110-E","article-title":"Dietary restraint and disinhibition: is restraint a homogeneous construct?","volume":"16","author":"Westenhoefer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2012.10.015","article-title":"Cognitive and weight-related correlates of flexible and rigid restrained eating behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Westenhoefer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat. Behav"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199907)26:1<53::AID-EAT7>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Validation of the flexible and rigid control dimensions of dietary restraint","volume":"26","author":"Westenhoefer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22199","article-title":"Eating disorder examination questionnaire: factor structure for adolescent girls and boys","volume":"47","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord"},{"volume-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Number 894","year":"2000","key":"B119"},{"key":"B120","unstructured":"ICD-11. Reference Guide2021"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105309360426","article-title":"Perceptions of health and attractiveness: the effects of body fat, muscularity, gender, and ethnicity","volume":"15","author":"Yanover","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol"},{"journal-title":"coefficientalpha: Robust Coefficient Alpha and Omega with Missing and Non-Normal Data","year":"2020","author":"Zhang","key":"B122"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.07.023","article-title":"Gastrointestinal disturbances in eating disorders: clinical and neurobiological aspects","volume":"129","author":"Zipfel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci"},{"key":"B124","first-page":"15","article-title":"The EDE-Q in hebrew: structural and convergent\/divergent validity in a population sample","volume":"54","author":"Zohar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Israel J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1002463\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T06:08:53Z","timestamp":1671430133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1002463\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"references-count":124,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1002463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1002463","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"article-number":"1002463"}}