{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T03:39:13Z","timestamp":1777001953958,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adults with ADHD exhibit a neuropsychological profile that may present deficits in many cognitive domains, particularly attention and executive functions (EFs). However, some authors do not consider executive disfunction as an important part of the clinical profile of the syndrome; this could be related to the use of inappropriate neuropsychological tests, probably not adapted and not sufficiently ecological. Moreover, new data are required on specific correlation of attentive-executive symptoms with socio-demographic factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the neuropsychological performance of a group of adults with ADHD, also evaluating the influence of gender, age and education level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively collected health-related personal data of 40 adult ADHD patients, clinically diagnosed and evaluated <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> a battery of 4 neuropsychological tests and 1 self-administered questionnaire. Gender, age and years of education differences were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attention and EFs deficits have been highlighted mainly on the d2-R and 5-point neuropsychological tests, which therefore seem to be more sensitive in measuring the attention-executive dysfunction in an adult ADHD population, than TAP Go\/No-go and ROCFT. ADHD patients also manifested subjective behavioral impulsivity disorders on BIS-11. There were no statistically significant gender differences in cognitive performance. On the contrary, younger patients performed worse on subscales TAP Go\/No-go errors and 5-points number of drawings, while participants with a higher education level performed better on subscales d2-R speed of execution and d2-R errors. This supports a reduction in the number of errors and the execution time as a function of older age and a higher level of education. Finally, patients with higher education also self-reported greater impulsivity in planning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our preliminary findings suggest that adult ADHD is not a lifelong stable disorder, but it may change over time. Moreover, attention-executive deficits may be influenced and partially counterbalanced by experience (i.e., advancing age) and a higher level of education. This could underlie the development of specific psycho-behavioral and cognitive compensatory strategies. The use of self-administered questionnaires is therefore recommended to highlight attentional and executive difficulties that may not result in neuropsychological tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1015102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T04:59:57Z","timestamp":1665637197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Attentive-executive functioning and compensatory strategies in adult ADHD: A retrospective case series study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Martino","family":"Ceroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Zerboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Biglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Soldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Morellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219472","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219472","article-title":"Neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of alertness impairment and compensatory processes in ADHD evidenced by the Attention Network Test","volume":"14","author":"Abramov","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1555","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1555","article-title":"The structure of adult ADHD","volume":"26","author":"Adler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032371","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and working memory in adults: a meta-analytic review","volume":"27","author":"Alderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.4210.2005495","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adults: update on clinical presentation and care","volume":"4","author":"Asherson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control","author":"Barkley","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.48S02.2009003","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and subtyping of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: what may lie ahead for DSM-V","volume":"48","author":"Barkley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV)","author":"Barkley","year":""},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Barkley Functional Impairment Scale (BFIS)","author":"Barkley","year":""},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acq014","article-title":"Impairment in occupational functioning and adult ADHD: the predictive utility of executive function (EF) ratings versus EF tests","volume":"25","author":"Barkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-011-9217-x","article-title":"The nature of executive function (EF) deficits in daily life activities in adults with ADHD and their relationship to performance on EF tests","volume":"33","author":"Barkley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says","author":"Barkley","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Iowa Gambling Task","author":"Bechara","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00611.x","article-title":"ADHD from a socio-economic perspective","volume":"97","author":"Bernfort","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.5.816","article-title":"Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type","volume":"157","author":"Biederman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.12.010","article-title":"How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD","volume":"177","author":"Biederman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.10.1730","article-title":"Impact of psychometrically defined deficits of executive functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"163","author":"Biederman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002573","article-title":"Meta-analysis of social cognition in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): comparison with healthy controls and autistic spectrum disorder","volume":"46","author":"Bora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"d2-R Concentrated Attention Test","author":"Brickenkamp","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/10349120500510024","article-title":"Executive functions and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: implications of two conflicting views","volume":"53","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720200003","article-title":"Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: normative values in an Italian population sample","volume":"22","author":"Caffarra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716638511","article-title":"ADHD prevalence in Spanish preschoolers: comorbidity, socio-demographic factors, and functional consequences","volume":"22","author":"Canals","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184964","article-title":"Skills and compensation strategies in adult ADHD\u2013A qualitative study","volume":"12","author":"Canela","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25038","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, neuroimaging findings, and neuropsychological functioning in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: sex differences","author":"Carucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0489-4","article-title":"The modified five-point test: normative data for a sample of Italian healthy adults aged 16\u201360","volume":"32","author":"Cattelani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.08.010","article-title":"Assessment of executive functions: review of instruments and identification of critical issues","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"d2-R test di attenzione concentrata","author":"Ciancaleoni","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11101521","article-title":"Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies","volume":"169","author":"Cortese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t01093-000","article-title":"Interpersonal Reactivity Index","author":"Davis","year":"1980","journal-title":"APA PsycTests"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Doc09","DOI":"10.3205\/000098","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of ADHD in adults with evidence for compensation strategies\u2013a functional MRI study with a Go\/No-Go paradigm","volume":"8","author":"Dillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"German Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.060","article-title":"Neuropsychological studies of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"60","author":"Faraone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.01.003","article-title":"Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature","volume":"26","author":"Fassbender","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.1051","article-title":"Psychometric properties of an Italian version of the Barratt impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) in nonclinical subjects","volume":"57","author":"Fossati","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1708\/3855.38380","article-title":"Gender differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update of the current evidence","volume":"57","author":"Fraticelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Riv. Psichiatr."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-007-0055-1","article-title":"Clinical recommendations in current practice guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in adults","volume":"9","author":"Gibbins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84a.15051","article-title":"ADHD: overdiagnosed and overtreated, or misdiagnosed and mistreated","volume":"84","author":"Giuliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040802389185","article-title":"Normative data and psychometric properties for qualitative and quantitative scoring criteria of the five-point test","volume":"23","author":"Goebel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.11.009","article-title":"Cognitive variability in adults with ADHD and AS: disentangling the roles of executive functions and social cognition","volume":"34","author":"Gonzalez-Gadea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale","volume":"26","author":"Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"A manual for the wisconsin card sorting test","author":"Heaton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029451","article-title":"Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder into early adulthood: continuing impairment includes elevated risk for suicide attempts and self-injury","volume":"80","author":"Hinshaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1567","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1567","article-title":"Adult executive functioning inventory (ADEXI): validity, reliability, and relations to ADHD","volume":"27","author":"Holst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714003183","article-title":"Persistence and remission of ADHD during adulthood: a 7-year clinical follow-up study","volume":"45","author":"Karam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"33","article-title":"Diagnostic interview for ADHD in adults 2.0 (DIVA 2.0)","author":"Kooij","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adult ADHD"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0205-6","article-title":"The use of compensatory strategies in adults with ADHD symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Kysow","year":"2017","journal-title":"ADHD Attent. Deficit Hyperact. Disord."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410802148095","article-title":"The transition to middle school is associated with changes in the developmental trajectory of ADHD symptomatology in young adolescents with ADHD","volume":"37","author":"Langberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.1.74","article-title":"Interference control, working memory, concept shifting, and verbal fluency in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"22","author":"Marchetta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1012491","article-title":"Executive and attentional contributions to theory of mind deficit in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"22","author":"Mary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716669226","article-title":"The clinical characteristics of ADHD and obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidity","volume":"24","author":"Mersin Kilic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s40817-018-0055-6","article-title":"The rey-osterrieth complex figure: a useful measure of organizational skills for adolescents with ADHD?","volume":"5","author":"Molitor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediat. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714558872","article-title":"A meta-analysis of decision-making and attention in adults with ADHD","volume":"19","author":"Mowinckel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716651927","article-title":"Validation of the mind excessively wandering scale and the relationship of mind wandering to impairment in adult ADHD","volume":"23","author":"Mowlem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.15.2.211","article-title":"Executive functioning and olfactory identification in young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0096","article-title":"Impulsivity in adolescents with bipolar disorder and\/or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls as measured by the Barratt impulsiveness scale","volume":"21","author":"Nandagopal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.3.706","article-title":"Executive functions and ADHD in adults: evidence for selective effects on ADHD symptom domains","volume":"114","author":"Nigg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"11","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidities in adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: prevalence and patterns in the routine clinical setting","volume":"16","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innovat. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02302-6","article-title":"Cognitive characterization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by domains: a systematic review","volume":"128","author":"Onandia-Hinchado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506000705","article-title":"Is adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder being overdiagnosed?","volume":"60","author":"Paris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale","volume":"51","author":"Patton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t07717-000","article-title":"Rey-Osterrieth complex figure copying test","author":"Rey","year":"1941","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Behavior rating inventory of executive function-adult version (BRIEF-A)","author":"Roth","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref62","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1708\/3142.31249","article-title":"ADHD in adults: clinical subtypes and associated characteristics","volume":"54","author":"Salvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Riv. Psichiatr."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.9.4.237.23514","article-title":"Performance of girls with ADHD and comparison girls on the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: evidence for executive processing deficits","volume":"9","author":"Sami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00392-2","article-title":"Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"44","author":"Seidman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380301801203","article-title":"Neuropsychologic characteristics of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disorder, and tic disorder on the Rey-Osterreith complex figure","volume":"18","author":"Shin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2021.1923665","article-title":"Empirically-informed guidelines for first-time adult ADHD diagnosis","volume":"43","author":"Sibley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718804347","article-title":"The relationship between executive function deficits and DSM-5-defined ADHD symptoms","volume":"24","author":"Silverstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12006","article-title":"Multiple deficits in ADHD: executive dysfunction, delay aversion, reaction time variability, and emotional deficits","volume":"54","author":"Sj\u00f6wall","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-158","article-title":"ADHD in adolescents with borderline personality disorder","volume":"11","author":"Speranza","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240810","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240810","article-title":"Gender differences in adult ADHD: cognitive function assessed by the test of attentional performance","volume":"15","author":"Stibbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0138-5","article-title":"Reaction time variability in ADHD: a review","volume":"9","author":"Tamm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2020.1736074","article-title":"Executive function deficits contribute to poor theory of mind abilities in adults with ADHD","volume":"29","author":"Tatar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-015-1426-0","article-title":"Sustained attention in adult ADHD: time-on-task effects of various measures of attention","volume":"124","author":"Tucha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.07.003","article-title":"Neural correlates of visuospatial working memory in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls","volume":"233","author":"van Ewijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref02","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.006","article-title":"Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review","volume":"57","author":"Willcutt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. psychiatry"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027347","article-title":"Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes","volume":"121","author":"Willcutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.t01-1-00104","article-title":"Developmental course of ADHD symptomatology during the transition from childhood to adolescence: a review with recommendations","volume":"44","author":"Willoughby","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13735","article-title":"d2-R test for Japanese adolescents: concurrent validity with the attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder rating scale","volume":"61","author":"Yato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"110","article-title":"A test battery for attentional performance. Applied neuropsychology of attention","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theory, diagnosis and rehabilitation"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1176498","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1015102\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T14:02:14Z","timestamp":1678370534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1015102\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1015102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1015102","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1176498","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"article-number":"1015102"}}