{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:11:13Z","timestamp":1792627873527,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to find the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD; differences according to demographic variables; and predictors of mental health problems during the second wave of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Turkey. Differences in exposure to COVID-19 during the first and second waves of the pandemic among students were compared. A total of 754 students from seven universities in different parts of Turkey participated in the survey between November and December 2020. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) scale measuring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used to measure the mental well-being of students. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, correlations, and multinomial logistic regression methods were used to analyze the data. The prevalence of high stress, high generalized anxiety (GAD-7 \u2265 10), high depression symptoms (PHQ-9 \u2265 10), and high PTSD in the total sample were 84.2, 36.2, 55.0, and 61.2%, respectively. High perceived stress, moderate generalized anxiety disorder, mild depression symptoms, high severity PTSD, and moderate satisfaction were found among students in Turkey. Religiosity and spirituality have significant negative correlations with anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Religiosity level, gender, relationship status, year of study, physical activity, symptoms of coronavirus, death of a close relative, job loss, and economic status are significant parameters for predicting psychological problems of students in Turkey.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1087528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T16:46:54Z","timestamp":1673369214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Predictors and prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD among university students during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Imran","family":"Aslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"\u00c7\u0131nar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.9734\/jesbs\/2021\/v34i130295","article-title":"Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on students at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria.","volume":"34","author":"Adewale","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1818884","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh and associated psychological problems: An online survey.","volume":"46","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102092","article-title":"Epidemic of COVID \u201319 in China and associated psychological problems.","volume":"51","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.08.312","article-title":"COVID-19 anxiety and stress survey (CASS) in high school and college students due to coronavirus disease 2019.","volume":"158","author":"Aiyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2020.07.004","article-title":"Perceived stress among students in virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 outbreak in KSA.","volume":"15","author":"AlAteeq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250026","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social and educational aspects of Saudi university students\u2019 lives.","volume":"16","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.10.013","article-title":"Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"28","author":"Alshehri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.684540","article-title":"Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: A pilot randomized controlled trial.","volume":"12","author":"Aminoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5\u2122","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.646572","article-title":"Meaning-based coping and spirituality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Mediating effects on subjective well-being.","volume":"12","author":"Arslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"245","article-title":"Evaluating wellbeing and worries of university students during Covid-19 pan-demic.","volume":"35","author":"Aslan","year":"","journal-title":"Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniv. \u00ddktisadi \u00dddari Bilimler Derg."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"409","article-title":"Mental evaluation of Bing\u00f6l University students during the second wave of COVID-19","author":"Aslan","year":"","journal-title":"Proceedings of the middle east international conference on contemporary scientific studies-V, march 27-28"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238961","article-title":"Exploring perceived stress among students in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"17","author":"Aslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ap.11060125","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and stress among last-year students at Erciyes University Medical School.","volume":"36","author":"Baykan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.041","article-title":"Stress and associated factors among French university students under the COVID-19 lockdown: The results of the PIMS-CoV 19 study.","volume":"283","author":"Bourion-B\u00e9d\u00e8s","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2020.101151","article-title":"Effects of teachers\u2019 emotion regulation, burnout, and life satisfaction on student well-being.","volume":"69","author":"Braun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240146","article-title":"Why the COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic stressor.","volume":"16","author":"Bridgland","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01674-y","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and health-related quality of life among university students in Turkey.","volume":"41","author":"Cam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B19","author":"Cant\u00fcrk","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u00dcniversite \u00f6\u011frencilerinin ili\u015fki niteliklerinin depresyon, stres ve anksiyete ile ili\u015fkisi."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112934","article-title":"The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China.","volume":"287","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168433","article-title":"Will nothing be the same again? Changes in lifestyle during COVID-19 pandemic and consequences on mental health.","volume":"18","author":"Caroppo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.628894","article-title":"The effect of religion on psychological resilience in healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105866","article-title":"COVID-19 and its impact on education, social life and mental health of students: A survey.","volume":"121","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19273","article-title":"Tracking social media discourse about the COVID-19 pandemic: Development of a public coronavirus twitter data set.","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2020.12.012","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of stress among Indian students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study from India.","volume":"16","author":"Chhetri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073423","article-title":"Mental health during the second wave of the covid-19 pandemic\u2014Polish studies.","volume":"18","author":"Chodkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73510-5","article-title":"The COVID-19 social media infodemic.","volume":"10","author":"Cinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress.","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.626944","article-title":"Spiritual well-being and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.","volume":"12","author":"Coppola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932a1","article-title":"Men-tal health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic \u2014 United States, June 24\u201330, 2020.","volume":"69","author":"Czeisler","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.591142","article-title":"Psychological effects of social isolation due to quarantine in Chile: An exploratory study.","volume":"11","author":"Dagnino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000392X","article-title":"A repeated cross-sectional survey assessing university students\u2019 stress, depression, anxiety, and suicidality in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland","volume":"52","author":"Debowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13674676.2020.1768725","article-title":"Pargament, K. I. COVID-19, mental health and religion: An agenda for future research.","volume":"23","author":"Dein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ment. Health Religion Cult."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113863","article-title":"The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbance in higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"301","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"115","article-title":"Assessment of depression, anxiety and stress in university students with different self-compassion levels.","volume":"35","author":"Deniz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"12","article-title":"Covid-19 pandemi s\u00fcrecinde \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencilerinin depresyon ve stres d\u00fczeylerinin belirlenmesi.","volume":"2","author":"Dilmen Bayar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paramedik Acil Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmetleri Derg."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.17098\/amj.624517","article-title":"The prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress and its association with sleep quality among medical students.","volume":"19","author":"Do\u011fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ankara Med. J."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236337","article-title":"Students under lockdown: Assessing change in students\u2019 social networks and mental health during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland.","volume":"15","author":"Elmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"57","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of perceived stress scale.","volume":"9","author":"Erci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniv. Hem\u015firelik Y\u00fcksekokulu Derg."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026211017839","article-title":"Mental health and social contact during the COVID-19 pandemic: An ecological momentary assessment study.","volume":"10","author":"Fried","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B41","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2020","journal-title":"The wellbeing costs of COVID-19 in the UK: An independent research report."},{"key":"B42","author":"George","year":"2003","journal-title":"SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and refer-ence. 11.0 Update"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315545899","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Covid-19 pandemic during 2020 Malaysia movement con-trol order (MCO) \u2013 The case of residential college students\u2019 mental health.","volume":"6","author":"Hidayu","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNR\u2019S Int. J. Soc. Sci. Res. India"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.10.030","article-title":"Constant stress has be-come the new normal: Stress and anxiety inequalities among U.U. College students in the time of COVID-19.","volume":"68","author":"Hoyt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2196\/25728","article-title":"Stress in the second wave of Covid-19 in the bahamas","author":"Hutcheson","year":"2021","journal-title":"The social issues in the bahamas project"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17159\/2413-3027\/2020\/v33n2a3","article-title":"Religious associational life amongst black African Christian students at Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal.","volume":"33","author":"Ishabiyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Study Religion."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245083","article-title":"Psychological responses during the COVID-19 outbreak among university students in Bangla-desh.","volume":"15","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.31080\/ASVS.2020.02.0077","article-title":"Wellbeing of veter-inary and medical students during COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"2","author":"Jawad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115820","article-title":"The impact of COVID 19 on university staff and students from Iberoamerica: Online learning and teaching experience.","volume":"18","author":"Jojoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa057","article-title":"Social media panic and COVID-19 in India.","volume":"27","author":"Kadam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113598","article-title":"Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey.","volume":"295","author":"Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2020.1855285","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19: Graduate students\u2019 emotional and psychological ex-periences.","volume":"31","author":"Kee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200271","article-title":"Changes in psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: A longitudinal study.","volume":"30","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243524","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle behaviors are major predictors of mental wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic confinement: A study on adult Arabs in higher educational institutions.","volume":"15","author":"Kilani","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003414","article-title":"Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in urban South Africa.","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.47.4.h","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: Theory and treatment update.","volume":"47","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"126","article-title":"The validity and safety of Turkish \u201cPTSD Checklist-Civilian Version\u201d (PCL-C) Scale.","volume":"43","author":"Kocaba\u015fo\u011flu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Yeni Symp."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13825","article-title":"Validity and reliability study for the Turkish adaptation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (gad-7) scale.","volume":"50","author":"Konkan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-020-01088-3","article-title":"Religion and faith perception in a pandemic of COVID-19.","volume":"59","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Religion Health"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","article-title":"The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population.","volume":"114","author":"Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Akademisyenlerin Kovid-19 Alg\u0131s\u0131.","volume":"24","author":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniv. Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Derg."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S325092","article-title":"In-fluence of digital competence on perceived stress, burnout and well-being among students stud-ying online during the COVID-19 lockdown: A 4-country perspective.","volume":"14","author":"Kumpikait\u0117-Vali\u016bnien\u0117","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manage."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.582342","article-title":"Art and cultural participation and life satisfaction in adults: The role of physical health, mental health, and interpersonal relationships.","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.21509\/KJYS.2016.10.23.10.29","article-title":"The effect of perceived stress on life satisfaction: The mediating effect of self-efficacy.","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chongsonyonhak Yongu"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020771","article-title":"COVID-19 stress and mental health of students in locked-down colleges.","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09744-3","article-title":"The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health.","volume":"91","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/1440783320939416","article-title":"A sociology of Covid-19.","volume":"56","author":"Matthewman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sociol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113983","article-title":"Burnout in nursing managers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of related factors, levels and prevalence.","volume":"17","author":"Membrive-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"38","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of college students within India and outside India.","volume":"4","author":"Menon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int.l J. Res. Eng. Sci. Manage."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036523","article-title":"the psychometric properties of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 scale in hispanic ameri-cans with english or spanish language preference.","volume":"20","author":"Mills","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cult. Divers. Ethnic Minority Psychol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235564","article-title":"Exposure to COVID-19 during the first and the second wave of the pandemic and coro-navirus-related PTSD risk among university students from six countries: A repeated cross-sectional study.","volume":"10","author":"Ochnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.039","article-title":"Stressful life transitions and wellbeing: A comparison of the stress buffering hypothesis and the social identity model of identity change.","volume":"247","author":"Praharso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152735","article-title":"The global prevalence of anxiety among medical students: A meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Quek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.591797","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19, stress, and anxiety in university undergraduate students: A predictive model for depression.","volume":"11","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Hidalgo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/BRKGD","author":"Rogowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellbe-ing of undergraduates during the COVID-19 pandemic: International study."},{"key":"B77","first-page":"9","article-title":"Life event, stress and illness.","volume":"15","author":"Salleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B78","first-page":"S460","article-title":"Turkish relia-bility of the patient health questionnaire-9.","volume":"27","author":"Sari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. India"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105789","article-title":"Exploring the triggering factors for mental stress of university students amid COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A perception-based study.","volume":"120","author":"Shafiq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.109","article-title":"Anxi-ety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19-related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"6","author":"Shevlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113138","article-title":"Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents.","volume":"291","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.201016.001","article-title":"COVID-19-related traumatic effects and psychological reactions among international students.","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186507","article-title":"Burnout, goal orientation and academic performance in adolescent students.","volume":"17","author":"Superv\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2021.10.013","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy: A strategy to address pandem-ic-induced anxiety.","volume":"18","author":"Surmai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"B86","author":"Turney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coefficient of determination (R<sup>2<\/sup>) | calculation &amp; interpretation. Scribbr."},{"key":"B87","first-page":"384","article-title":"An investigation of university students\u2019 depression, anxiety and stress levels related to the different variables.","volume":"4","author":"\u00dcst\u00fcn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Res. Educ. Teach."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2019.01.014","article-title":"Burnout syndrome in nursing students: An ob-servational study.","volume":"76","author":"Valero-Chiller\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729","article-title":"Immediate psychological re-sponses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China.","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B90","author":"Weathers","year":"2013","journal-title":"The PTSD checklist for DSM\u20135 (PCL-5)."},{"key":"B91","year":"2021","journal-title":"COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.022","article-title":"Sleep in university students prior to and during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders.","volume":"30","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1935778","article-title":"Im-pact of social media on public fear, adoption of precautionary behaviors, and compliance with health regulations during COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"32","author":"Yassin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105466","article-title":"Stressors of COVID-19 and stress consequences: The mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of psychological sup-port.","volume":"118","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"B95","year":"2022","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019 deki \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1087528\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T16:47:23Z","timestamp":1673369243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1087528\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1087528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1087528","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"article-number":"1087528"}}