{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:44:35Z","timestamp":1790891075738,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autistic individuals without intellectual disabilities are sometimes not diagnosed until adolescence\/adulthood. Due to increased risk of co-occurring mental health problems, these individuals may initially be referred to general, mental health services and not always be identified as autistic; some may be misdiagnosed with personality disorder (PD) prior to identification of autism. To explore possible mechanisms in misdiagnosis of autism, we report on the case of a young man with severe, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and attention deficit disorder (ADD) who had been diagnosed with and treated for borderline PD prior to being diagnosed with autism. Following reassessment by mental health clinicians with experience of working with autistic individuals, the patient was diagnosed with autism, ADD, and depression\u2014but not PD. Experiences from this case suggest that presence of co-occurring NSSI, depression, and ADD, as well as lack of comprehensive assessment and lack of autism knowledge in general mental health services, may contribute to risk that autism is misdiagnosed as PD. These findings highlight the need for autism expertise in general mental health services to facilitate appropriate diagnosis for autistic individuals who encounter these services, as well as the importance of undertaking comprehensive assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.735205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T02:54:43Z","timestamp":1643943283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Case Report: Mechanisms in Misdiagnosis of Autism as Borderline Personality Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stine","family":"Iversen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvid Nikolai","family":"Kildahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5.","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318818167","article-title":"Experience of mental health diagnosis and perceived misdiagnoses in autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults","volume":"23","author":"Au-Yeung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05317-w","article-title":"Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy for autistic adults without intellectual disability: a mixed methods study","author":"Bemmouna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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