{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:37:46Z","timestamp":1791005866829,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), perceived professional benefits and post-traumatic growth (PTG) status among Chinese nurses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and to compare the differences between nurses working inside and outside Hubei.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From February 18 to February 25, 2020, the authors constructed the questionnaire using the Questionnaire Star platform, and convenience sampling was used to distribute the questionnaire <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> WeChat. Nurses who worked at the hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic were the research subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 3,419 questionnaires were received, of which 2,860 nurses were working outside Hubei Province and 559 nurses were working inside Hubei Province. Both groups were exposed to COVID-19. The results indicated that gender, job title, department, average monthly income, the number of night shifts per month, hospital classification, specialization, and previous experience with assisting during disasters were statistically significant. The <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test results showed that the difference in perceived professional benefits scores between the two groups was not statistically significant, and the differences in PTG scores and PTSD scores between the two groups were statistically significant. The chi-square test indicated that the difference in PTSD prevalence between nurses working outside and inside Hubei Province was statistically significant and that the PTSD prevalence of nurses working outside Hubei Province was higher than that of nurses working inside Hubei Province. One-way ANOVA and independent sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test results showed that age, job title, job assignment, length of service, average monthly income, number of night shifts per month, number of children, and the Nurses\u2019 Perceived Professional Benefits Scale (NPPBS) and post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI) scores influenced the prevalence of PTSD. Logistic regression showed that the occurrence of PTSD was associated with average monthly income, length of service, number of children, and the PTGI and NPPBS scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses working outside Hubei Province reported greater PTSD than those working inside Hubei Province. The occurrence of PTSD was related to average monthly income, length of service, number of children, and the PTGI and NPPBS scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.745158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T07:23:33Z","timestamp":1643613813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Factors Associated With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Nurses During COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanqu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangpeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengping","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.12.006","article-title":"Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis.","volume":"47","author":"Aux\u00e9m\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2017-000876","article-title":"Psychological resilience and post-traumatic growth in disaster-exposed organisations: overview of the literature.","volume":"166","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Mil. Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12796","article-title":"A large-scale survey on trauma, burnout, and posttraumatic growth among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13255","article-title":"Providing targeted psychological support to frontline nurses involved in the management of COVID-19: an action research.","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/ogx.0000000000000680","article-title":"Perinatal posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.","volume":"74","author":"Cirino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106540","article-title":"Post-traumatic growth and influencing factors among frontline nurses fighting against COVID-19.","volume":"78","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-8343(02)00207-4","article-title":"Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder in female Veteran\u2019s Affairs patients: validation of the PTSD checklist.","volume":"24","author":"Dobie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091464","article-title":"Infectious diseases: pathophysiology, diagnostics and prevention.","volume":"17","author":"Esposito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.032","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth among health care workers on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"296","author":"Feingold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.12357","article-title":"Job satisfaction mediates subjective social status and turnover intention among Chinese nurses.","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs. Health Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13275","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 post-traumatic stress symptoms and growth by perceived workplace bullying: an online cross-sectional study.","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1008-9993.2013.22.001","article-title":"Establishment of a questionnaire of Nurses\u2019 perceived professional benefits: reliability and validity assessment.","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurs. J. Chin PLA"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00404-y","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 Sleep Quality of \u201cFangcang\u201d hospital in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic.","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.01.005","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder among paramedic and hospital emergency personnel in south-east Iran.","volume":"4","author":"Iranmanesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2944","article-title":"Revision of the posttraumatic growth inventory and testing its reliability and validity.","volume":"26","author":"Ji","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e203976","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976","article-title":"Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019.","volume":"3","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-018-9585-4","article-title":"An examination of the association between post-traumatic growth and stress symptomatology in cardiac outpatients.","volume":"26","author":"Magid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)33132-5","article-title":"Ebola virus disease.","volume":"393","author":"Malvy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SO11","DOI":"10.7860\/IJARS\/2021\/48451:2703","article-title":"Clinical presentation of patients with pituitary tumour and its correlation to magnetic resonance imaging: an observational study.","volume":"10","author":"Mathew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Anat. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2017798","article-title":"Factors affecting resilience and development of posttraumatic stress disorder in critical care nurses.","volume":"26","author":"Mealer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-021-09915-w","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress and related factors among hospital nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea.","volume":"92","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.16-0002-OA","article-title":"Resilience, post-traumatic growth, and work engagement among health care professionals after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a 4-year prospective follow-up study.","volume":"58","author":"Nishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632360","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.632360","article-title":"Post-traumatic growth level and its influencing factors among frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01166-z","article-title":"The psychological impact of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review of the evidence.","volume":"22","author":"Preti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1995.21061144.x","article-title":"Preceptors\u2019 perceptions of benefits, rewards, supports and commitment to the preceptor role.","volume":"21","author":"Rnn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2017.421","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a narrative review.","volume":"29","author":"\u0160agud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2019.07.007","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress syndrome and implications for practice in critical care nurses.","volume":"31","author":"Salmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13122","article-title":"The influence of experiences of involvement in the COVID-19 rescue task on the professional identity among Chinese nurses: a qualitative study.","volume":"28","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"144","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder among medical personnel after nepal earthquake, 2015.","volume":"13","author":"Shrestha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nepal Health Res. Counc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22298","article-title":"Dimensions of growth? Examining the distinctiveness of the five factors of the posttraumatic growth inventory.","volume":"31","author":"Silverstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268815001570","article-title":"The pandemic potential of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus: a review.","volume":"143","author":"Tanner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02103658","article-title":"The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma.","volume":"9","author":"Tedeschi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020915212","article-title":"The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health.","volume":"66","author":"Torales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4577","article-title":"Correlates of post-traumatic growth following childhood and adolescent cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"27","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern.","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20965","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000020965","article-title":"Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder of nurses exposed to corona virus disease 2019 in China.","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7564.389","article-title":"What we have learnt from SARS epidemics in China.","volume":"333","author":"Zhong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irab121","article-title":"The symptoms and factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder for burns nurses: a cross-sectional study from Guangdong Province in China.","volume":"121","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.745158\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T07:23:37Z","timestamp":1643613817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.745158\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.745158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.745158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"article-number":"745158"}}