{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:36:24Z","timestamp":1791218184444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine how physical and psychological childbirth experiences affect maternal perceptions and experiences of early infant behavioural style (temperament).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unnecessary interventions may disturb the normal progression of physiological childbirth and instinctive neonatal behaviours that facilitate mother\u2013infant bonding and breastfeeding. While little is known about how a medicalised birth may influence developing infant temperament, high impact interventions which affect neonatal crying and cortisol levels could have longer term consequences for infant behaviour and functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective Internet survey was designed to fully explore maternal experiences of childbirth and her postnatal perceptions of infant behaviour. Data collected from 999 mother\u2013infant dyads were analysed using Pearson\u2019s correlations and multiple analyses of covariance, employing the Bonferroni method of correction to establish initially significant variables. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to determine major perinatal contributors to perceived early infant temperament.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple regression analyses on each of the eight Mother and Baby Scales outcome variables indicated that early infant behavioural style (0\u20136\u2009months) was largely predicted by subjective maternal states during and post-childbirth, postnatal depression scores, maternal personality traits and infant age. For example, infant age (Beta\u2009=\u20090.440, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.000) was the most significant predictor of Alert-Responsive infant behaviour, followed by maternal Postnatal Positive experience (Beta\u2009=\u20090.181, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.000). In contrast, depression (EPDS) scores (Beta\u2009=\u20090.370, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.000) were the most significant predictor of Unsettled-Irregular infant behaviour, followed by Anxious-Afraid Birth Emotions (Beta\u2009=\u20090.171, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.000) and infant age (Beta\u2009=\u2009\u22120.196, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.000). Mothers also perceived their infants as more Alert-Responsive (Beta\u2009=\u20090.080, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010) and Easier overall (Beta\u2009=\u20090.085, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008) after a Supported birth experience.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal and infant outcomes were influenced by multiple physical and psychological perinatal variables. The mother\u2019s subjective experience appeared to be of equal significance to more objective factors (e.g. birthplace\/mode). Social support enhanced the mother\u2019s childbirth experience, benefitting her perceptions of her baby\u2019s early temperament. These findings provide further support for current World Health Organisation intrapartum guidelines (2018) on the importance of making childbirth a \u2018<jats:italic>positive experience<\/jats:italic>\u2019 for women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.792392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T10:15:05Z","timestamp":1646734505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Physical and Psychological Childbirth Experiences and Early Infant Temperament"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Power","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebnurs-2021-103459","article-title":"Psychological trauma in postpartum women who experienced maternity care during the stringent COVID-19 pandemic restrictions","author":"Alcindor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Nurs."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.05.014","article-title":"Cesarean delivery and hematopoietic stem cell epigenetics in the newborn infant: implications for future health?","volume":"211","author":"Almgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.2.173","article-title":"Consensus statement for the prevention and management of pain in the newborn","volume":"155","author":"Anand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198711193172105","article-title":"Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus","volume":"317","author":"Anand","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002706","article-title":"The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework","volume":"46","author":"Ayers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12266","article-title":"Client-related factors associated with a \u201cless than good\u201d experience of midwifery care during childbirth in the Netherlands","volume":"44","author":"Baas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"ref502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22541\/au.163821302.20595565\/v1","article-title":"The United Kingdom and the Netherlands maternity care responses to COVID-19: a comparative study","author":"Balaam","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-S1-S3","article-title":"Validation of Canadian mothers\u2019 recall of events in labour and delivery with electronic health records","volume":"13","author":"Bat-Erdene","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2016.04.014","article-title":"The birth experience and women's postnatal depression: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Bell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/741942610","article-title":"The structure of autobiographical memory and the event history calendar: potential improvements in the quality of retrospective reports in surveys","volume":"6","author":"Belli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02660.x","article-title":"Perinatal complications increase the risk of postpartum depression. The generation R study","volume":"117","author":"Blom","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003766","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003766.pub5","article-title":"Continuous support for women during childbirth","volume":"7","author":"Bohren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref501","article-title":"Neonatal behavioral assessment scale","author":"Brazelton","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2011.540741","article-title":"Infant temperament and maternal anxiety and depressed mood in the early postpartum period","volume":"51","author":"Britton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.06067.x","article-title":"Impact of birth complications on breastfeeding duration: an internet survey","volume":"69","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1891\/1058-1243.24.3.145","article-title":"Executive summary of hormonal physiology of childbearing: evidence and implications for women, babies, and maternity care","volume":"24","author":"Buckley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Educ."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"19","article-title":"Nature and consequences of oxytocin and other neurohormones in the perinatal period","volume-title":"Squaring the Circle: Normal Birth Research, Theory and Practice in a Technological Age.","author":"Buckley","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Child Behavioral Assessment and Management in Primary Care.","author":"Carey","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115110","article-title":"Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior","volume":"65","author":"Carter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref18","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","article-title":"Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale","volume":"150","author":"Cox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90162-I","article-title":"Pain in the preterm neonate: behavioural and physiological indices","volume":"52","author":"Craig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1891\/2156-5287.4.2.66","article-title":"Managing risk or facilitating safety?","volume":"4","author":"Dahlen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Childbirth"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.07.007","article-title":"Is society being reshaped on a microbiological and epigenetic level by the way women give birth?","volume":"30","author":"Dahlen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.01.017","article-title":"The EPIIC hypothesis: intrapartum effects on the neonatal epigenome and consequent health outcomes","volume":"80","author":"Dahlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20197","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth and mothers' perceptions of their infants","volume":"29","author":"Davies","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infant Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-10-81","article-title":"Childbirth experience questionnaire (CEQ): development and evaluation of a multidimensional instrument","volume":"10","author":"Dencker","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2012.718751","article-title":"The relationship between maternal self-esteem, maternal competence, infant temperament and post-partum blues","volume":"30","author":"Denis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.004","article-title":"A neurobiological model for cry-fuss problems in the first three to four months of life","volume":"81","author":"Douglas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236722","article-title":"Understanding childbirth as a complex salutogenic phenomenon: the EU COST BIRTH action special collection","volume":"15","author":"Downe","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-148","article-title":"Relationship of postnatal depressive symptoms to infant temperament, maternal expectations, social support and other potential risk factors: findings from a large Australian cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Eastwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref504","first-page":"23","article-title":"The ASPIRE study: a midwifery-led research response to COVID-19 and beyond","volume":"24","author":"Feeley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Practising Midwife."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000048","article-title":"Sensitive periods in human social development: new insights from research on oxytocin, synchrony, and high-risk parenting","volume":"27","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.11.007","article-title":"The neurobiology of human attachments","volume":"21","author":"Feldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181b21651","article-title":"Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear regulation, and stress reactivity","volume":"48","author":"Feldman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Discovering Statistics Using SPSS.","author":"Field","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.26502\/jppd.2572-519X0010","article-title":"Postpartum anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on child development: a review","volume":"1","author":"Field","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Psychiatr. Disord."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430215105","article-title":"Breastfeeding in depressed mother-infant dyads","volume":"172","author":"Field","year":"2002","journal-title":"Early Child Dev. Care"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0312-x","article-title":"Mother-to-infant emotional involvement at birth","volume":"13","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-211","article-title":"The birth memories and recall questionnaire (BirthMARQ): development and evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Foley","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171600235X","article-title":"The impact of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms on child development: a population-based, 2-year follow-up study","volume":"47","author":"Garthus-Niegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60824-0","article-title":"Fetal exposure to maternal cortisol","volume":"352","author":"Gitau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00298-6","article-title":"Umbilical cortisol levels as an indicator of the fetal stress response to assisted vaginal delivery","volume":"98","author":"Gitau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941800038X","article-title":"Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology: a global perspective","volume":"30","author":"Glover","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.05.018","article-title":"A 6-month study of postpartum depression and related factors in Athens Greece","volume":"49","author":"Gonidakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00046-1","article-title":"A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains","volume":"37","author":"Gosling","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref44","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90073-X","article-title":"Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry","volume":"28","author":"Grunau","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.1.1","article-title":"First-time mothers' expectations of parenthood: what happens when optimistic expectations are not matched by later experiences?","volume":"43","author":"Harwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref47","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.06.004","article-title":"Temperament theory and the study of cognition-emotion interactions across development","volume":"27","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429443718-4","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth","volume-title":"Childbirth, Vulnerability and Law.","author":"Horsch","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Psychology.","author":"Howell","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Howell","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref503","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.02.002","article-title":"Retrospective evidence on outcomes and experiences of pregnancy and childbirth in epidermolysis bullosa in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"3","author":"Intong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.2012.02139.x","article-title":"Parents' hopes and expectations for their children's future occupations","volume":"61","author":"Irwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2012.08.005","article-title":"Maternal trait personality and childbirth: the role of extroversion and neuroticism","volume":"29","author":"Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429500282","volume-title":"Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature.","author":"Kagan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460170051032","article-title":"Continuous emotional support during labor in a US hospital: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"265","author":"Kennell","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb14800.x","article-title":"The doula: an essential ingredient of childbirth rediscovered","volume":"86","author":"Klaus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520949904","volume-title":"Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life.","author":"Lareau","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-24","article-title":"Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression and parenting stress","volume":"8","author":"Leigh","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-016-0642-7","article-title":"The effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on sensitive caregiving in mothers with postnatal depression","volume":"48","author":"Mah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x","article-title":"The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State\u2014Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)","volume":"31","author":"Marteau","year":"1992","journal-title":"British J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1891\/1058-1243.22.2.103","article-title":"Childbirth expectations and sources of information among low-and moderate-income nulliparous pregnant women","volume":"22","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Educ."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.08.005","article-title":"Infant, maternal, and familial predictors and correlates of regulatory problems in early infancy: the differential role of infant temperament and maternal anxiety and depression","volume":"115","author":"Martini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1108\/09526861111105086","article-title":"The birth satisfaction scale","volume":"24","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Care Qual. Assur."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2017.09.011","article-title":"Maternal self-confidence during the first four months postpartum and its association with anxiety and early infant regulatory problems","volume":"49","author":"Matthies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.101","article-title":"COVID-19 is associated with traumatic childbirth and subsequent mother-infant bonding problems","volume":"282","author":"Mayopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref66","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100507","article-title":"Personality development: continuity and change over the life course","volume":"61","author":"McAdams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2007.07.001","article-title":"Maternal depression and infant temperament characteristics","volume":"31","author":"McGrath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.05.001","article-title":"Neonatal pain and reduced maternal care: early-life stressors interacting to impact brain and behavioural development","volume":"342","author":"Mooney-Leber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003519","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003519.pub4","article-title":"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants","volume":"11","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"34","article-title":"Parenting difficulties and postnatal depression: implications for primary healthcare assessment and intervention","volume":"87","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Community Pract."},{"key":"ref72","volume-title":"Postnatal Depression and Young Children\u2019s Development.","author":"Murray","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4363","article-title":"Association of persistent and severe postnatal depression with child outcomes","volume":"75","author":"Netsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref74","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"38","article-title":"Validation of the mothers\u2019 object relations scales short-form (MORS-SF)","volume":"33","author":"Oates","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prenat. Perinat. Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref76","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref77","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230992","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230992","article-title":"Birth as a neuro-psycho-social event: an integrative model of maternal experiences and their relation to neurohormonal events during childbirth","volume":"15","author":"Olza","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112769","article-title":"Postpartum stress and infant outcome: a review of current literature","volume":"284","author":"Oyetunji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830802350831","article-title":"The effect of post-natal symptoms of post-traumatic stress and depression on the couple's relationship and parent\u2013baby bond","volume":"27","author":"Parfitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"ref81","author":"Power","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2019.07.021","article-title":"Does childbirth experience affect infant behaviour? Exploring the perceptions of maternity care providers","volume":"78","author":"Power","year":"2019","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2016.10.008","article-title":"Identifying child temperament types using cluster analysis in three samples","volume":"67","author":"Prokasky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1857","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3316","article-title":"Inconsolable infant crying and maternal postpartum depressive symptoms","volume":"131","author":"Radesky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"190","article-title":"Assessment of temperament in early development","volume-title":"Biobehavioral Assessment of the Infant.","author":"Rothbart","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01572.x","article-title":"A prospective study on the persistence of infant crying, sleeping and feeding problems and preschool behaviour","volume":"99","author":"Schmid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref87","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0859-2","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) for detecting perinatal common mental disorders (PCMDs) among women in low-and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02363.x","article-title":"A simple tool to measure patient perceptions of operative birth","volume":"116","author":"Siassakos","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2021.103116","article-title":"Women's experiences of maternity service reconfiguration during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative investigation","volume":"102","author":"Silverio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198009113031101","article-title":"The effect of a supportive companion on perinatal problems, length of labor, and mother-infant interaction","volume":"303","author":"Sosa","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref505","author":"Spielberger","year":"1970","journal-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Self-Evaluation Questionnaire)."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13287","article-title":"Prolonged second stage of labour, maternal infectious disease, urinary retention and other complications in the early postpartum period","volume":"123","author":"Stephansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570727","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.570727","article-title":"Parental birth-related PTSD symptoms and bonding in the early postpartum period: a prospective population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Stuijfzand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-0121-3","article-title":"Sense of agency is modulated by interactions between action choice, outcome valence, and predictability","volume":"40","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02549-0","article-title":"Mode of delivery and subsequent stress response","volume":"355","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60930-2","article-title":"Improvement of maternal and newborn health through midwifery","volume":"384","author":"ten Hoope-Bender","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref98","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref99","volume-title":"Temperament and Development.","author":"Thomas","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222998","article-title":"Correlates of prenatal and postnatal mother-to-infant bonding quality: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Tichelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2365-9","article-title":"Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during physiological childbirth\u2013a systematic review with implications for uterine contractions and central actions of oxytocin","volume":"19","author":"Uvn\u00e4s-Moberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref102","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref506","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14754","article-title":"Skin-to-skin contact the first hour after birth, underlying implications and clinical practice","volume":"108","author":"Widstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01983.x","article-title":"Newborn behaviour to locate the breast when skin-to-skin: a possible method for enabling early self-regulation","volume":"100","author":"Widstr\u00f6m","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"117","article-title":"Parents\u2019 perceptions as guides for conducting NBAS clinical sessions","volume-title":"Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.","author":"Wolke","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)60345-3","article-title":"Multi-method measurement of the early parent-infant system with easy and difficult newborns","volume":"46","author":"Wolke","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181a85973","article-title":"Crying and feeding problems in infancy and cognitive outcome in preschool children born at risk: a prospective population study","volume":"30","author":"Wolke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref108","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3233\/DEV-2008-21203","article-title":"Child temperament: an integrative review of concepts, research programs, and measures","volume":"2","author":"Zentner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.792392\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T10:15:26Z","timestamp":1646734526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.792392\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.792392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.792392","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"article-number":"792392"}}