{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T20:58:52Z","timestamp":1754600332560,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals\u2019 psychosocial functioning was widely attested during the last year. However, the extent to which individual differences are associated with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes during quarantine in Italy remains largely unexplored. Using a person-oriented approach, the present study explored the association of personality profiles, based on three broad individual dispositions (i.e., positivity, irritability, and hostile rumination) and two self-efficacy beliefs in the emotional area (i.e., expressing positive emotions and regulating anger emotion), with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes during the first Italian lockdown (March\u2013June 2020). In doing so, we focused also on how different age groups (i.e., young adults and adults) differently faced the pandemic. The study was conducted through an online survey from May to June 2020 and included 1341 participants living in Italy, divided into two groups: 737 young adults aged 18\u201335 and 604 adults aged 36\u201360 years old. Latent Profile Analysis identified three personality profiles: resilient, vulnerable, and moderate. A subsequent path analysis model showed that the resilient profile was positively associated with prosocial behavior as an indicator of adaptive outcome, and negatively associated with three maladaptive outcomes: interpersonal aggression, depressive symptoms, and anxiety problems. Contrarily, the vulnerable profile resulted negatively associated with prosocial behavior and positively associated with the three maladaptive outcomes. Finally, regarding age group differences, young adults belonging to the vulnerable profile showed a greater association especially with interpersonal aggression, depression, and anxiety problems, as compared to adults belonging to the same profile. Overall, the results of the present study highlighted the importance to analyze individual functioning during an isolation period by using a person-oriented approach. Findings evidenced the existence of three different profiles (i.e., Resilient, Vulnerable, and Moderate) and subsequent path analysis revealed, especially for the vulnerable profile and young adults, a greater maladaptive consequence of the quarantine. The practical implications will be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.805740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T07:48:19Z","timestamp":1645688899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Facing the Pandemic in Italy: Personality Profiles and Their Associations With Adaptive and Maladaptive Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Flavia","family":"Cirimele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Pastorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ainzara","family":"Favini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Remondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Zuffiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Basili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eriona","family":"Thartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gerbino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102092","article-title":"Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems.","volume":"51","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/60.2.255","article-title":"Maximum likelihood identification of Gaussian autoregressive moving average models.","volume":"60","author":"Akaike","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30567-5","article-title":"How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?","volume":"395","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0903_2","article-title":"An integrated review of indirect, relational, and social aggression.","volume":"9","author":"Archer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/11381-001","article-title":"Emerging adulthood: understanding the new way of coming of age","author":"Arnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Adults in America: Coming of Age in the 21st Century"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00080-7","article-title":"The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18\u201329 years: implications for mental health.","volume":"1","author":"Arnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181","article-title":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: 3-step approaches using mplus.","volume":"21","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9354-5","article-title":"The state-trait anxiety inventory: shadows and lights on its construct validity.","volume":"35","author":"Balsamo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"journal-title":"Social Foundations of thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.","year":"1986","author":"Bandura","key":"B9"},{"journal-title":"Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control.","year":"1997","author":"Bandura","key":"B10"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00567","article-title":"Role of affective self-regulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychosocial functioning.","volume":"74","author":"Bandura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2307\/2532201","article-title":"Model-based Gaussian and non-Gaussian clustering.","volume":"49","author":"Banfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/0091217420978005","article-title":"Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in china during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review with meta-analysis.","volume":"56","author":"Bareeqa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatr. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457949700206X","article-title":"A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology.","volume":"9","author":"Bergman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410606822","author":"Bergman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Studying Individual Development in an Interindividual Context: A Person-Oriented Approach"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(1997)23:6<447::AID-AB4>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"A meta-analysis of aggression in the presence of violent cues: effects of gender differences and aversive provocation.","volume":"23","author":"Bettencourt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-82712016210101","article-title":"Positivity scale (POS): new evidence of validity in the Brazilian context.","volume":"21","author":"Borsa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psico-USF"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294361","article-title":"Model selection and Akaike\u2019s information criterion (AIC): the general theory and its analytical extensions.","volume":"52","author":"Bozdogan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.222","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study.","volume":"39","author":"Broidy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558407306345","article-title":"Emerging adulthood in Europe: common traits and variability across five European countries.","volume":"22","author":"Buhl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01420597","article-title":"Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample.","volume":"30","author":"Butler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2021.104367","article-title":"Prosociality predicts health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"195","author":"Campos-Mercade","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(86)90074-7","article-title":"Indicators of aggression: the dissipation-rumination scale.","volume":"7","author":"Caprara","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Personality and adaptive behaviors","author":"Caprara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of Positive Psychology in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Translating Research into Practice"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/ajsp.12325","article-title":"Associations of positive orientation with health and psychosocial adaptation: a review of findings and perspectives.","volume":"22","author":"Caprara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026681","article-title":"The positivity scale.","volume":"24","author":"Caprara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(92)90222-B","article-title":"A personological approach to the study of aggression.","volume":"13","author":"Caprara","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/10433-009","article-title":"Prosocial behavior and aggression in childhood and pre-adolescence","author":"Caprara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Constructive &amp; destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, &amp; society"},{"journal-title":"Personality: Determinants, Dynamics, and Potentials.","year":"2000","author":"Caprara","key":"B29"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(85)90077-7","article-title":"Indicators of impulsive aggression: present status of research on irritability and emotional susceptibility scales.","volume":"6","author":"Caprara","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207594.2008.10108483","article-title":"Self-efficacy beliefs across domains of functioning and their relation to traits and values.","volume":"43","author":"Caprara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B32","article-title":"Autoefficacia emotiva: la capacit\u00e0 di regolare l\u2019affettivit\u00e0 negativa e di esprimere quella positiva","author":"Caprara","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Capacity to Regulate Negative Affects and to Express Positive Affects, La valutazione dell\u2019autoefficacia [Self-efficacy Evaluation]"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-017-9608-8","article-title":"Individual differences in personality associated with aggressive behavior among adolescents referred for externalizing behavior problems.","volume":"39","author":"Caprara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20192","article-title":"Individual differences conducive to aggression and violence: trajectories and correlates of irritability and hostile rumination through adolescence.","volume":"33","author":"Caprara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2410030206","article-title":"Toward a reorientation of research on aggression.","volume":"3","author":"Caprara","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2410070103","article-title":"Early emotional instability, prosocial behaviour, and aggression: some methodological aspects.","volume":"7","author":"Caprara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2337(1986)12:2<83::AID-AB2480120202>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Interpolating physical exercise between instigation to aggress and aggression: the role of irritability and emotional susceptibility.","volume":"12","author":"Caprara","year":"1986","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2007.26.2.218","article-title":"Prosocial agency: the contribution of values and self\u2013efficacy beliefs to prosocial behavior across ages.","volume":"26","author":"Caprara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.21.2.77","article-title":"A new scale for measuring adults\u2019 prosocialness.","volume":"21","author":"Caprara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-016-9772-7","article-title":"Association of positivity with health problems in old age: preliminary findings from Spanish middle class seniors.","volume":"18","author":"Caprara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913","article-title":"Personality development: stability and change.","volume":"56","author":"Caspi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13074","article-title":"Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy.","volume":"29","author":"Cellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662521989191","article-title":"Call them COVIDiots: exploring the effects of aggressive communication style and psychological distance in the communication of COVID-19.","volume":"30","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Underst. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01278.x","article-title":"The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: a clinical perspective.","volume":"59","author":"Cole","year":"1994","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470567333","author":"Collins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis: With Applications in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696815569848","article-title":"Perceptions of emerging adulthood: a study with italian and japanese university students and young workers.","volume":"3","author":"Crocetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Adulthood"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0472-x","article-title":"Italy: delayed adaptation of social institutions to changes in family behaviour.","volume":"19","author":"De Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Demogr. Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14506","article-title":"The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis.","volume":"1486","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01792-7","article-title":"How perceived threat of COVID-19 related to aggressive tendencies during the pandemic in Hubei Province and other regions of China: mediators and moderators.","volume":"24","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.576597","article-title":"Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 among Italians during the first week of lockdown.","volume":"11","author":"Di Giuseppe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022102250427","article-title":"Comparing typological structures across cultures by multigroup latent class analysis: a primer.","volume":"34","author":"Eid","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"313","article-title":"Prosocial behavior","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Children\u2019s Needs III: Development, Prevention, and Intervention"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198303)39:2<249::aid-jclp2270390218>3.0.co;2-y","article-title":"Assessing depressive symptoms across cultures: Italian validation of the CES-D self-rating scale.","volume":"39","author":"Fava","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.551924","article-title":"The Italians in the time of coronavirus: psychosocial aspects of the unexpected COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"12","author":"Favieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.03.016","article-title":"Personality profiles and adolescents\u2019 maladjustment: a longitudinal study.","volume":"129","author":"Favini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111079","article-title":"Values and COVID-19 worries: the importance of emotional stability traits.","volume":"182","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.121","article-title":"Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress among college students: a longitudinal study from China.","volume":"263","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244809","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: an international study.","volume":"15","author":"Gloster","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479193.adlpsy001020","article-title":"Internalizing problems during adolescence","author":"Graber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handbook of Adolescent Psychology: Individual Bases of Adolescent Development"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale.","volume":"26","author":"Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"journal-title":"Test-Retest Reliability of the Spanish Version of the Dissipation Rumination Scale.","year":"2006","author":"Guzman","key":"B61"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001306","article-title":"Trust in government regarding COVID-19 and its associations with preventive health behaviour and prosocial behaviour during the pandemic: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968211022594","article-title":"Detrimental associations of cumulative trauma, COVID-19 infection indicators, avoidance, and loneliness with sleep and negative emotionality in emerging adulthood during the pandemic.","volume":"9","author":"Harriger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Adulthood"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives.","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey.","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.10.058","article-title":"Validation of the four-profile configuration of personality types within the five-factor model.","volume":"106","author":"Isler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"journal-title":"Principles and Practices of Structural Equation Modeling.","year":"1998","author":"Kline","key":"B67"},{"journal-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 4th edn.","year":"2016","author":"Kline","key":"B68"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716442","article-title":"Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress during COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"11","author":"Lakhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Pract."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12163","article-title":"Latent class analysis for developmental research.","volume":"10","author":"Lanza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.924609","article-title":"Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in Southwestern China.","volume":"26","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238683","article-title":"Effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on social behaviours: from a social dilemma perspective.","volume":"7","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technium Soc. Sci. J."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12863","article-title":"Longitudinal relations among positivity, perceived positive school climate, and prosocial behavior in Colombian adolescents.","volume":"88","author":"Luengo Kanacri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.07.002","article-title":"Trajectories of prosocial behaviors conducive to civic outcomes during the transition to adulthood: the predictive role of family dynamics.","volume":"37","author":"Luengo Kanacri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113190","article-title":"The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public\u2013A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"291","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B76","article-title":"The logic and implications of a person-oriented approach","author":"Magnusson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Methods and Models for Studying the Individual"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2013.853872","article-title":"Re-evaluating the concept of adulthood and the framework of transition.","volume":"17","author":"Mary","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Youth Stud."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093165","article-title":"A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors.","volume":"17","author":"Mazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4054\/demres.2006.15.5","article-title":"Similarities and differences between two cohorts of young adults in Italy: results of a CATI survey on transition to adulthood.","volume":"15","author":"Mazzuco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Demogr. Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2307\/2347790","article-title":"On bootstrapping the likelihood ratio test statistic for the number of components in a normal mixture.","volume":"36","author":"McLachlan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C"},{"key":"B81","first-page":"208","article-title":"Toward a unified theory of personality: integrating dispositions and processing dynamics within the cognitive-affective processing system","author":"Mischel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111018","article-title":"Cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediate the relationships between dark triad traits and negative emotional states experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"181","author":"Mojsa-Kaja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111247","article-title":"The dark side of Brazil: effects of dark traits on general COVID-19 worry and responses against the pandemic.","volume":"185","author":"Monteiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"journal-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide.","year":"","author":"Muth\u00e9n","key":"B84"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.36.3.227","article-title":"APA\u2019s resilience initiative.","volume":"36","author":"Newman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.1.92","article-title":"Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.","volume":"67","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study.","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968211030875","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue: the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the lives of emerging Adults.","volume":"9","author":"Ohannessian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Adulthood"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01491","article-title":"Psychological symptoms during the two stages of lockdown in response to the COVID-19 outbreak: an investigation in a sample of citizens in Northern Spain.","volume":"11","author":"Ozamiz-Etxebarria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"journal-title":"The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use.","year":"2020","author":"Panchal","key":"B90"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.567484","article-title":"Mental health through the COVID-19 quarantine: a growth curve analysis on Italian young adults.","volume":"11","author":"Parola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2021.136","article-title":"Toxicity and verbal aggression on social media: polarized discourse on wearing face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"8","author":"Pascual-Ferr\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12477","article-title":"Positive parenting and children\u2019s prosocial behavior in eight countries.","volume":"57","author":"Pastorelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v10-i7\/7451","article-title":"The comparison of depression, anxiety, stress, and coping strategies among malaysian male and female during COVID-19 movement control period.","volume":"10","author":"Perveen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sciences"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100806","article-title":"An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"34","author":"Phiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population.","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241.2.3.100","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of adolescents\u2019 deviant and delinquent behavior.","volume":"2","author":"Reinecke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001012","article-title":"Life under the COVID-19 lockdown: on the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and psychological distress.","volume":"13","author":"Reizer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"B99","first-page":"375","article-title":"The development of personality traits in adulthood","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022120988913","article-title":"Cooperation and trust across societies during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"52","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00790","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy.","volume":"11","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/12061-012","article-title":"Basic values: how they motivate and inhibit prosocial behavior","author":"Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prosocial Motives, Emotions, and Behavior: The Better Angels of Our Nature"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimension of a model.","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294360","article-title":"Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis.","volume":"52","author":"Sclove","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17144924","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and compliance with precautionary measures: age and sex matter.","volume":"17","author":"Solomou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327035ex0501_3","article-title":"Cluster analysis in perspective.","volume":"5","author":"Speece","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exceptionality"},{"journal-title":"State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.","year":"1983","author":"Spielberger","key":"B107"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968211031120","article-title":"Evidence on resilient initial response to COVID-19 pandemic among youth: findings from the prospective study of mental health in two european countries","volume":"9","author":"Truskauskaite-Kuneviciene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Adulthood"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12169","article-title":"A gentle introduction to Bayesian analysis: applications to developmental research.","volume":"85","author":"van de Schoot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Longitudinal Research: Principles and Structuring Change","year":"1990","author":"Von Eye","key":"B110"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118356258","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: Applications Using Mplus"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119422730","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: Applications Using Mplus"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.18.1707","article-title":"Depressed adolescents grown up.","volume":"281","author":"Weissman","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"journal-title":"Survey Tool and Guidance: Rapid, Simple, Flexible Behavioural Insights on COVID-19: 29 July 2020 (No. WHO\/EURO: 2020-696-40431\u201354222).","year":"2020","key":"B114"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.589615","article-title":"The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and online aggressive behavior: a moderated mediation model.","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00831","article-title":"The positivity scale: concurrent and factorial validity across late childhood and early adolescence.","volume":"10","author":"Zuffian\u00f2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.805740\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T07:48:40Z","timestamp":1645688920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.805740\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.805740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.805740","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"article-number":"805740"}}