{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:10:21Z","timestamp":1771456221402,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004699","name":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSH-2021-A002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSH-2021-A002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients have neurological disorders and are at high risk of academic difficulties. Among academic skills, reading ability is the most important academic skill. The study applied the Chinese character fluency test to measure the word recognition and reading comprehension of TSC children to observe whether they have the characteristics of reading disability, as an indicator of the spectrum of reading ability in TSC patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patients were assessed using the Chinese character fluency test and reading comprehension test to explore the differences in reading ability in terms of gender, age, epilepsy history, genotype, and intelligence level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 27 patients, the assessment of reading accuracy showed statistical differences between intellectual level\u2009&amp;gt;\u200980, PR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024), and pass numbers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018). For the fluency assessment, there was a difference between different intellectual level (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.050). In the reading comprehension test, there was differences for intellectual level in positivity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.07) and pass numbers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.06).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Chinese character fluency and reading comprehension test measure the word recognition and reading comprehension and the spectrum of reading ability in TSC patients. All individuals with TSC, especially those with below average of intellectual ability, should be considered for potential academic difficulties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.849334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T13:23:17Z","timestamp":1652448197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reading Ability in Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: Results of Chinese Character Reading and Reading Comprehension Tests"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hom-Yi","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Nan","family":"Sheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeng-Dau","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00903","article-title":"Cognitive correlates of reading fluency in Chinese school-aged children","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100552","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100552","article-title":"Brain bases of reading fluency in typical reading and impaired fluency in dyslexia","volume":"9","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.81","article-title":"The mTOR signalling cascade: paving new roads to cure neurological disease","volume":"12","author":"Crino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0901-8","article-title":"TOSCA consortium and TOSCA investigators. TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND): findings from the TOSCA natural history study","volume":"13","author":"de Vries","year":"","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.004","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND) and the TAND checklist","volume":"52","author":"de Vries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31637","article-title":"A clinical update on tuberous sclerosis complex-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND)","volume":"178","author":"de Vries","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.7108\/PT.200712.0429","article-title":"Evaluation of children with reading difficulties","volume":"74","author":"Hamilton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000411","article-title":"Reading disorders and dyslexia","volume":"28","author":"Hulme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7108\/PT.201206.0247","article-title":"Construct study of the assessment of sight-word reading and fluency","volume":"59","author":"Hung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Testing"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702007092","article-title":"Learning disability and epilepsy in an epidemiological sample of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"33","author":"Joinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-016-0553-5","article-title":"TuberOus SClerosis registry to increase disease awareness (TOSCA)\u2014baseline data on 2093 patients","volume":"12","author":"Kingswood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.7108\/PT.200712.0429","article-title":"Reading Comprehension Screening Test for junior high school students","volume":"54","author":"Ko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Testing"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037830","article-title":"Phonological coding during reading","volume":"140","author":"Leinenger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2019.100115","article-title":"Are specific learning disorders truly specific, and are they disorders?","volume":"17","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci. Educ."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190090601","article-title":"Behavioral and cognitive aspects of tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"19","author":"Prather","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Dyslexia in Children and Adolescents\u2014Tests and Interventions","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-020-00870-4","article-title":"Disrupted white matter connectivity and organization of brain structural connectomes in tuberous sclerosis complex patients with neuropsychiatric disorders using diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"34","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"MAGMA"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29024","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029024","article-title":"Assessment of disrupted brain functional connectome in tuberous sclerosis complex using resting-state fMRI","volume":"101","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.849334\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T13:23:23Z","timestamp":1652448203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.849334\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"references-count":18,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.849334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.849334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"article-number":"849334"}}