{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:19:42Z","timestamp":1777288782995,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental disorders are associated with difficulties to correctly infer the mental states of other\u2019s (theory of mind; ToM). These inferences either relate to affective states of others (affective ToM) or to their thoughts, intentions, or beliefs (cognitive ToM) and can be associated with mental disorder. The current study explores the influence of individual and situational effects on the measurement of ToM abilities within two clinical samples, to increase generalizability. We analyzed data from 229 in-patients; 103 patients treated for alcohol use disorder and 126 patients treated for a personality disorder. ToM was assessed with the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC). We analyzed changes in test performance over the course of the test using a logistic linear mixed effects model. Performance on the cognitive ToM items decreased over time, while performance on the affective ToM items increased over time. This difference was more pronounced among older individuals. The results show important moderators of ToM performance that might help to resolve inconsistencies in the current literature about ToM abilities in different clinical or age groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.855038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T07:22:06Z","timestamp":1652944926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How Individual and Situational Factors Influence Measures of Affective and Cognitive Theory of Mind in Psychiatric Inpatients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Knopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Burghardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Sprung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53630-3.00011-7","article-title":"Empathizing, systemizing, and the extreme male brain theory of autism.","volume":"186","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13486","article-title":"Social cognition in alcohol use disorder: a meta-analysis.","volume":"112","author":"Bora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2015.09.009","article-title":"Theory of Mind in aging: comparing cognitive and affective components in the faux pas test.","volume":"62","author":"Bottiroli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.014","article-title":"Social cognitive dysfunction as a clinical marker: a systematic review of meta-analyses across 30 clinical conditions.","volume":"84","author":"Cotter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041745","article-title":"Women\u2019s greater ability to perceive happy facial emotion automatically: gender differences in affective priming.","volume":"7","author":"Donges","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0107-0","article-title":"Introducing MASC: a movie for the assessment of social cognition.","volume":"36","author":"Dziobek","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/pap0000130","article-title":"Thinking about assessment: further evidence of the validity of the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition as a measure of mentalistic abilities.","volume":"35","author":"Fossati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoanal. Psychol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-019-01263-6","article-title":"Cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in adolescence: developmental aspects and associated neuropsychological variables.","volume":"85","author":"Gabriel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511628191.006","article-title":"Gender differences in nonverbal communication of emotion","author":"Hall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.4.2.201","article-title":"Gender differences in judgments of multiple emotions from facial expressions.","volume":"4","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.12.062","article-title":"Gender difference in empathy for pain: an electrophysiological investigation.","volume":"1196","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.03.002","article-title":"Double dissociation between cognitive and affective empathy in borderline personality disorder.","volume":"175","author":"Harari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030677","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of age differences in theory of mind.","volume":"28","author":"Henry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000026","article-title":"The social-cognitive basis of personality disorders.","volume":"27","author":"Herpertz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614527465","article-title":"Selective engagement of cognitive resources: motivational influences on older adults\u2019 cognitive functioning.","volume":"9","author":"Hess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2010.07.012","article-title":"Expression intensity, gender and facial emotion recognition: WOmen recognize only subtle facial emotions better than men.","volume":"135","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-12-126","article-title":"The Computer-based Health Evaluation Software (CHES): a software for electronic patient-reported outcome monitoring.","volume":"12","author":"Holzner","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00278-021-00523-4","article-title":"Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der psychotherapeutischen Versorgung.","volume":"66","author":"Knopp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychotherapeut"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.042","article-title":"Disturbed emotion recognition in patients with narcissistic personality disorder.","volume":"198","author":"Marissen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13155","article-title":"Dissociating affective and cognitive theory of mind in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent individuals.","volume":"40","author":"Maurage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcoholism"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.049","article-title":"Theory of mind disturbances in borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis.","volume":"270","author":"N\u00e9meth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2019_33_417","article-title":"Are impairments in theory of mind specific to borderline personality disorder?","volume":"34","author":"Normann-Eide","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pers. Disord."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agv137","article-title":"A meta-analysis of theory of mind in alcohol use disorders.","volume":"51","author":"Onuoha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.10.004","article-title":"An experimental investigation of mentalization ability in borderline personality disorder.","volume":"64","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.09.013","article-title":"Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder.","volume":"187","author":"Ritter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1212890","article-title":"Theory of mind in substance users: a systematic minireview.","volume":"52","author":"Sanvicente-Vieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/15289168.2015.1004890","article-title":"Hypermentalizing in borderline personality disorder: a model and data.","volume":"14","author":"Sharp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infant Child Adolesc. Psychother."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030876","article-title":"Age-related differences in the performance of theory of mind in older adults: a dissociation of cognitive and affective components.","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1376313","article-title":"Plasticity in older adults\u2019 theory of mind performance: the impact of motivation.","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1488243","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.855038\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T15:42:46Z","timestamp":1727365366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.855038\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.855038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.855038","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1488243","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"article-number":"855038"}}