{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:35:59Z","timestamp":1790796959652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100014-122491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100014-122491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["230331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["230331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Appraisal theory of emotion predicts that appraisal biases may generate stable emotion dispositions, which can ultimately lead to affective disorders. One example is the habitual underestimation of one\u2019s potential to cope with adverse events, which favors frequent experiences of sadness and worry and therefore increases the risk for development of depression and generalized anxiety disorders. To examine the relationships between these variables as potential risk factors, in Study 1, we used appraisal and emotion questions in the Swiss Household Panel (SHP), a nationwide representative sample, and analyzed data for<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094,859 participants in one annual survey wave (Wave 14, SHP 2012)<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>theory-based hierarchical regressions. Path analysis of the nomological network linking frequent experiences of depression and anxiety to the emotion dispositions of sadness and worry, and measures of perceived coping potential (appraisal bias) supports the theoretical predictions and further identifies the effects of important background variables such as personality, motivation, and life events. Discriminant analysis shows that these predictors allow correct classification of close to 70% of the participants with elevated risk. In Study 2, we used established validated instruments to assess the risk for depression and anxiety disorders, as well as a recently validated scenario method to assess appraisal bias and emotion disposition in a survey with<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=\u2009152 students. The results correspond to the theoretical predictions and largely confirm the findings with the household survey. The results of both studies demonstrate the utility of using current emotion theory to provide new vistas for research on risk factors for affective disorders and to inform the development of appropriate interventions to reduce the level of risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.857419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T09:06:45Z","timestamp":1656925605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Appraisal Bias and Emotion Dispositions Are Risk Factors for Depression and Generalized Anxiety: Empirical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Klaus R.","family":"Scherer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pio","family":"Ricci-Bitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie-Anne","family":"Ryser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00157-0","article-title":"Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression","volume":"96","author":"Abramson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.87.1.49","article-title":"Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation","volume":"87","author":"Abramson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.2.258","article-title":"Self-efficacy pathways to childhood depression","volume":"76","author":"Bandura","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136675","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136675","article-title":"Path models of vocal emotion communication","volume":"10","author":"B\u00e4nziger","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199814","article-title":"Psychological, cognitive factors and contextual influences in pain and pain-related suffering as revealed by a combined qualitative and quantitative assessment approach","volume":"13","author":"Bustan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2017.1412347","article-title":"Aspects of identity: from the inner-outer metaphor to a tetrapartite model of the self","volume":"17","author":"Cheek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028596","article-title":"Cultural meaning of perceived control: a meta-analysis of locus of control and psychological symptoms across 18 cultural regions","volume":"139","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00078-8","article-title":"Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.3.316","article-title":"Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications","volume":"100","author":"Clark","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000110","article-title":"Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis and narrative review","volume":"143","author":"Compas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034733","article-title":"Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after","volume":"140","author":"Cummings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.07.015","article-title":"A one-item question with a Likert or visual analog scale adequately measured current anxiety","volume":"60","author":"Davey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000392X","article-title":"A repeated cross-sectional survey assessing university students' stress, depression, anxiety, and suicidality in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland","author":"Debowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000186","article-title":"The bipolarity of affect and depressive symptoms","volume":"114","author":"Dejonckheere","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9493-y","article-title":"New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings","volume":"97","author":"Diener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0416-3","article-title":"The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or spearman-brown?","volume":"58","author":"Eisinga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"572","article-title":"Appraisal processes in emotion","volume-title":"Handbook of the Affective Sciences","author":"Ellsworth","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.7.1097","article-title":"The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time","volume":"37","author":"Epstein","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073919892069","article-title":"Mapping dynamic interactions among cognitive biases in depression","volume":"12","author":"Everaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.04.003","article-title":"The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression","volume":"32","author":"Everaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002763","article-title":"Individualized prediction of dispositional worry using white matter connectivity","volume":"49","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2275","article-title":"Changing the focus of locus (of control): a targeted review of the locus of control literature and agenda for future research","volume":"39","author":"Galvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90079-5","article-title":"The balance of positive and negative affects in major depression: a further test of the states of mind model","volume":"39","author":"Garamoni","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1996)4:4<160::AID-DA2>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Comorbid depression and anxiety spectrum disorders","volume":"44","author":"Gorman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/0000112-002","article-title":"Theory of functioning in emotion-focused therapy","volume-title":"Clinical Handbook of Emotion-Focused Therapy","author":"Greenberg","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(92)90129-D","article-title":"Depression, self-focused attention, and the self-serving attributional bias","volume":"13","author":"Greenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.3.4.317","article-title":"Control and efficacy as interdisciplinary bridges","volume":"3","author":"Haidt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084811","article-title":"Risk factors for depression: an autobiographical review","volume":"14","author":"Hammen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005358","article-title":"Increases in depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Hawes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007367","article-title":"The impact of generalized anxiety disorder and stressful life events on risk for major depressive episodes","volume":"36","author":"Hettema","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614553789","article-title":"The structure of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression and anxiety: evidence for a common core etiologic process based on a meta-analytic review","volume":"3","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110041","article-title":"DSM-5 personality traits and cognitive risks for depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms","volume":"169","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-015-9700-x","article-title":"Relation between attributional style and subsequent depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000111","article-title":"Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"143","author":"Jacobson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.05.020","article-title":"Mapping risk factors for depression across the lifespan: an umbrella review of evidence from meta-analyses and Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"103","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020327","article-title":"Linking \u201cbig\u201d personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Kotov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0010093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener","volume":"41","author":"Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","article-title":"The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population","volume":"114","author":"Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/aq6u5","article-title":"Exposure to COVID-19 pandemic stress: associations with depression and anxiety in emerging adults in the United States","volume":"37","author":"Kujawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020962","article-title":"Feelings change: accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect","volume":"99","author":"Kuppens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00324.x","article-title":"An appraisal account of individual differences in emotional experience","volume":"4","author":"Kuppens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.74.3.763","article-title":"The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being","volume":"74","author":"Lachman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06597.x","article-title":"Screening for depression: single question versus GDS","volume":"42","author":"Mahoney","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916","article-title":"Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders","volume":"1","author":"Mathews","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073915575406","article-title":"The appraisal bias model of cognitive vulnerability to depression","volume":"7","author":"Mehu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20161878","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1878","article-title":"National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults","volume":"138","author":"Mojtabai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073912468165","article-title":"Appraisal theories of emotion: state of the art and future development","volume":"5","author":"Moors","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(01)00027-7","article-title":"Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample","volume":"32","author":"Muris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001233","article-title":"Emotional bias and inhibitory control processes in mania and depression","volume":"29","author":"Murphy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.4.569","article-title":"Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes","volume":"100","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015645","article-title":"Disentangling the effects of low self-esteem and stressful events on depression: findings from three longitudinal studies","volume":"97","author":"Orth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000038","article-title":"Refining the vulnerability model of low self-esteem and depression: disentangling the effects of genuine self-esteem and narcissism","volume":"110","author":"Orth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.10.014","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation, psychological inflexibility, and shame as explanatory factors between neuroticism and depression","volume":"190","author":"Paulus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2307\/2136319","article-title":"The structure of coping","volume":"19","author":"Pearlin","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"22","article-title":"Comorbid anxiety and depression","volume":"66","author":"Pollack","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-0048-8","article-title":"Mental quality of life in chronic fatigue is associated with an accommodative coping style and neuroticism: a path analysis","volume":"21","author":"Poppe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","article-title":"Measuring personality in one minute or less: a ten-item short version of big five inventory in English and German","volume":"41","author":"Rammstedt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511596544.007","article-title":"Personality and emotion","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology","author":"Reisenzein","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000037","article-title":"Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in the transition to young adulthood: a replication of Orth, Robins, and Roberts (2008)","volume":"110","author":"Rieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195130072.003.0004","article-title":"A model of appraisal in the emotion system: integrating theory, research, and applications","volume-title":"Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research","author":"Roseman","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195130072.003.0014","article-title":"Applications of appraisal theory to understanding, diagnosing, and treating emotional pathology","volume-title":"Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research","author":"Roseman","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2005.03.001","article-title":"A systems approach to appraisal mechanisms in emotion","volume":"18","author":"Sander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.01.030","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the negative explanatory style and attributions of uncontrollability as predictors of depressive symptoms","volume":"46","author":"Sanju\u00e1n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"57","article-title":"Vocal assessment of affective disorders","volume-title":"Depression and Expressive Behavior","author":"Scherer","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688908200913","article-title":"Emotion psychology can contribute to psychiatric work on affect disorders: a review","volume":"82","author":"Scherer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195130072.003.0005","article-title":"Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking","volume-title":"Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Method, Research","author":"Scherer","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930902928969","article-title":"The dynamic architecture of emotion: evidence for the component process model","volume":"23","author":"Scherer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073915575404","article-title":"When and why are emotions disturbed? Suggestions based on theory and data from emotion research","volume":"7","author":"Scherer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000861","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of emotion dispositions and the effects of appraisal bias","volume":"21","author":"Scherer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/per.714","article-title":"Culture-specific appraisal biases contribute to emotion dispositions","volume":"23","author":"Scherer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073915576689","article-title":"Normal and abnormal emotions\u2014the quandary of diagnosing affective disorder: introduction and overview","volume":"7","author":"Scherer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195130072.001.0001","volume-title":"Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Method, Research","author":"Scherer","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/0539018404047701","article-title":"Emotions in everyday life: probability of occurrence, risk factors, appraisal and reaction pattern","volume":"43","author":"Scherer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Inf."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(89)90058-5","article-title":"Cognitive balance and psychopathology: evaluation of an information processing model of positive and negative states of mind","volume":"9","author":"Schwartz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref77","volume-title":"Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death","author":"Seligman","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref78","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939308409189","article-title":"Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000047","article-title":"Adolescent emotionality and effortful control: Core latent constructs and links to psychopathology and functioning","volume":"109","author":"Snyder","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Validity and utility of a self-report version of Prime-MD: The PHQ primary care study","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.272.22.1749","article-title":"Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: The PRIME-MD 1000 study","volume":"272","author":"Spitzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/10436-015","article-title":"Risk factors in bereavement outcome: a methodological and empirical review","volume-title":"Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Care","author":"Stroebe","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.086","article-title":"Psychological risk factors and the course of depression and anxiety disorders: a review of 15 years NESDA research","volume":"295","author":"Struijs","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-010-9336-9","article-title":"The relationships of personality and cognitive styles with self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety","volume":"35","author":"Sutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.50.5.974","article-title":"Attributional style in depression: a meta-analytic review","volume":"50","author":"Sweeney","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.59.1.102","article-title":"Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt: development of the self-conscious affect and attribution inventory","volume":"59","author":"Tangney","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/02699938808410927","article-title":"Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression","volume":"2","author":"Teasdale","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.10.035","article-title":"Measurement invariance of assessments of depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) across sex, strata and linguistic backgrounds in a European-wide sample of patients after traumatic brain injury","volume":"262","author":"Teymoori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.14301\/llcs.v7i1.360","article-title":"The Swiss household panel study: observing social change since 1999","volume":"7","author":"Tillmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Longitud. Life Course Stud."},{"key":"ref500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbnst-2021-0039","article-title":"The Swiss Household Panel (SHP)","author":"Tillmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109683","article-title":"Affect balance predicts daily emotional experience","volume":"154","author":"Veilleux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.12.017","article-title":"The relationship between extraversion, neuroticism and aspects of trait affect","volume":"52","author":"Verduyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000253","article-title":"Who pays the price for high neuroticism? Moderators of longitudinal risks for depression and anxiety","volume":"47","author":"Vittengl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003241","article-title":"Work stress as a risk factor for major depressive episode(s)","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.96.3.465","article-title":"Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states","volume":"96","author":"Watson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.3.346","article-title":"Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders","volume":"97","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1997.00176.x","article-title":"Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many","volume":"12","author":"Whooley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00140-3","article-title":"Individual differences in self-assessed health: gender, neuroticism and physical symptom reports","volume":"28","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-2","article-title":"Physical activity levels and determinants of change in young adults: a longitudinal panel study","volume":"7","author":"Zimmermann-Sloutskis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.857419\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T04:05:22Z","timestamp":1700798722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.857419\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.857419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.857419","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"article-number":"857419"}}