{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:23:45Z","timestamp":1753892625704,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8167359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8167359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study primarily aimed to develop an orthographic knowledge awareness scale in Mandarin for children aged 6\u201312 years. Related factors affecting orthographic knowledge awareness in children were analyzed, and a basis for individualized intervention was provided to improve reading and writing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A conceptual framework for orthographic knowledge awareness in children aged 6\u201312 years was determined through a detailed reading of the literature on Chinese character orthography, combined with qualitative interviews of the target population and consultation with experts. The orthographic knowledge awareness scale initially consisted of three versions: for grades 1\u20132 (210 items), grades 3\u20134 (207 items), and grades 5\u20136 (220 items), accumulating a total of 637 items. The initial scale was then used for the study involving children aged 6\u201312 years in Maanshan City, Jiangsu Province. Various approaches to screening items were comprehensively used to determine the formal version of the orthographic knowledge awareness scale. The official scale was ultimately used to conduct the third round of surveys among 1,354 children aged 6\u201312 years in ordinary primary schools located in 5 cities in Jiangsu Province, namely, Changzhou, Lianyungang, Nantong, Xuzhou, and Yangzhou. The reliability, validity, and discriminating power of the formal scale were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 360 items were included in the formal version of the orthographic knowledge awareness scale. The formal scale was divided into three versions for grades 1\u20132, 3\u20134, and 5\u20136. Each grade version consisted of 120 items. The scale was composed of the stroke awareness test, radical awareness test, and left\u2013right reversal test. The cumulative variance contribution rates of grades 1\u20132, 3\u20134, and 5\u20136 were 82.47, 61.71, and 64.19%, respectively. The Cronbach's \u03b1 coefficients of the three-grade version of the scale were 0.989, 0.946, and 0.938; the split-half reliability coefficients were 0.925, 0.766, and 0.847; and the test\u2013retest reliability coefficients were 0.847, 0.895, and 0.8928, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed orthographic knowledge awareness scale for children aged 6\u201312 years exhibits good reliability and validity. The formal scale consisted of two dimensions: identification of left\u2013right reversal at the stroke and radical levels and the left\u2013right reversal at the whole character level. The two dimensions can more comprehensively reflect the ability of children to discriminate orthographic structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.874891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T18:46:41Z","timestamp":1657651601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Evaluation of Orthographic Knowledge Awareness Scale for Children Aged 6\u201312 Years"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yachun","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212948","article-title":"An investigation into the structure and acquisition of orthographic knowledge: Evidence from cross-script kanji-hiragana priming","volume":"5","author":"Bowers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychonom. 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