{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:54:00Z","timestamp":1790772840320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Game Transfer Phenomena (GTP) refers to a cluster of involuntary phenomena related to playing videogames, including sensory and cognitive intrusions, transient changes in perception and self-agency. The Game Transfer Phenomena Scale (GTPS) has been used to measure the frequency of GTP with respect to five factors. The present study aimed to validate an instrument for assessing the multiple dimensions of GTP (GTP-MDS) that helps clarify the distinction between GTP experiences. GTP were contextualized onto the spectrum of intrusive cognitions, perceptual distortions, and dissociations. The relationship between GTP, involuntary phenomena without game content (INVWG) in terms of, e.g., hallucinations and perceptual distortions, and game-biased perceptions (GBPA), as well as the positive and negative impact of GTP and level of distress were also examined. The data were collected using a survey (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,301, male 83.4%, mean age = 28.14). Separate confirmatory factor analyses of the dimensions of \u201cinner intrusions\/misperceptions,\u201d \u201couter intrusions\/distortions,\u201d and \u201cdissociations\/mix-ups\u201d produced acceptable fit indices. The findings show that phenomena manifesting as internal experiences are more common, while those manifesting as externalized intrusions are less common. Correlations between the GTP dimensions, INVWG, and GBPA, such as the insertion of game elements in thoughts, perceptions, and dreams, supported convergent validity. The correlations between the GTP dimensions and hours played supported criterion validity. Distress was correlated with outer intrusions and dissociations\/mix-ups, but not with inner intrusions. Taken together, these results support the validity and reliability of the proposed assessment of GTP constructs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.896238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T06:45:12Z","timestamp":1660113912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Multidimensional assessment of Game Transfer Phenomena: Intrusive cognitions, perceptual distortions, hallucinations and dissociations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Angelica B.","family":"Ortiz de Gortari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5ge","family":"Diseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj014","article-title":"The cardiff anomalous perceptions scale (CAPS): a new validated measure of anomalous perceptual experience.","volume":"32","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3726\/978-3-653-02764-8","article-title":"If the game goes on. perceived transfer effects from virtual game worlds into everyday life","author":"Bigl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Playing with Virtuality, Theories and Methods of Computer Game Studies"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"7384","volume":"396","author":"Byrne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (Multivariate Applications Series)"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"16","article-title":"An update on the dissociative experiences scale.","volume":"6","author":"Carlson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dissociat. Prog. Dissociat. Disord."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X200120","article-title":"Recovery from virtual environment exposure: expected time course of symptoms and potential readaptation strategies.","volume":"49","author":"Champney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2012.31.9.952","article-title":"Cultivation effects of video games: a longer-term experimental test of first- and second-order effects.","volume":"31","author":"Chong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"233","article-title":"Relationship between self-control dimensions, emotional regulation and problematic gaming: The mediating role of the Game Transfer Phenomena","volume":"11","author":"Cudo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0346-8","article-title":"Psychometric assessment and gender invariance of the polish adaptation of the game transfer phenomena scale","volume":"18","author":"Cudo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.16","article-title":"The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis.","volume":"1","author":"Curran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447803800404","article-title":"On the occurrence of standardized regression coefficients greater than one.","volume":"38","author":"Deegan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102919854665","article-title":"A comparison of men\u2019s and women\u2019s perceptions of the female body using a multidimensional scaling analysis of naturalistic stimuli.","volume":"6","author":"Diekhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Open"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.09.003","article-title":"Turkish validation of the game transfer phenomena scale (GTPS): measuring altered perceptions, automatic mental processes and actions and behaviours associated with playing video games.","volume":"34","author":"Dindar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00003-3","article-title":"Event-related potential dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder: the role of numbing.","volume":"109","author":"Felmingham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/3-7643-7677-5_8","article-title":"How virtual worlds affect us: on the structure of transfers from the media world to the real world","author":"Fritz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Total Interaction"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01397.x","article-title":"Living with television: the violence profile.","volume":"26","author":"Gerbner","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2190\/XN4W-1CRE-B0MH-84XT","article-title":"Frequency and intensity of daydreaming: age changes and age differences from late adolescent to the old-old.","volume":"19","author":"Giambra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Imagination Cogn. Pers."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(03)00306-2","article-title":"Daytime parahypnagogia: a state of consciousness that occurs when we almost fall asleep.","volume":"62","author":"Gurstelle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290152541449","article-title":"Involuntary motor activity in pianists evoked by music perception.","volume":"13","author":"Haueisen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2897","article-title":"Going gaga: investigating, creating, and manipulating the song stuck in my head.","volume":"27","author":"Hyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Comparing gaming disorder with game transfer phenomena: demographics, psychosocial, gambling and gaming factors","author":"Jones-Rincon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Cyberpsychology Section Annual Conference 2021."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-011-0335-y","article-title":"Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder in neuronal networks with adaptation.","volume":"32","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124114543236","article-title":"The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom","volume":"44","author":"Kenny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Methods Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00939.x","article-title":"Experience-dependent induction of hypnagogic images during daytime naps: a combined behavioural and EEG study.","volume":"21","author":"Kusse","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.03.002","article-title":"Will the experience of playing a violent role in a video game influence people\u2019s judgments of violent crimes?","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735611406578","article-title":"Musical activities predispose to involuntary musical imagery.","volume":"40","author":"Liikkanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Music"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Positive schizotypy and internet gaming addiction as predictors of game transfer Phenomena in daily life: a diary study.","volume":"11","author":"Llamas-Alonso","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"B27","author":"Mavromatis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypnagogia: The Unique State of Consciousness Between Wakefulness and Sleep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01363","article-title":"The structure and measurement of unusual sensory experiences in different modalities: the multi-modality unusual sensory experiences questionnaire (MUSEQ).","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00227-4","article-title":"Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population.","volume":"97","author":"Ohayon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2013.839900","article-title":"Altered visual perception in game transfer phenomena: an empirical self-report study.","volume":"30","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.Comput. Interact."},{"key":"B31","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Targeting the Real life Impact of Virtual Interactions: The Game Transfer Phenomenon. 42 video games players\u2019 experiences."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"9","article-title":"The game transfer phenomena framework: investigating altered perceptions, automatic mental processes and behaviors induced by virtual immersion.","volume":"14","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Cybertherapy Telemed."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.12.015","article-title":"Empirical study on game transfer phenomena in a location-based augmented reality game.","volume":"35","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198812746.013.29","article-title":"Game transfer phenomena: origin, development and contributions to the videogame research field","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxford Handbook of Cyberpsychology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4018\/ijcbpl.2011070102","article-title":"Game transfer phenomena in video game playing: a qualitative interview study.","volume":"1","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cyber Behav. Psychol. Learn."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S642","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.1705","article-title":"Pain and gain of auditory intrusions with video game content: Game transfer phenomena in clinical cases.","volume":"64","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Proposed methodology for assessing game transfer phenomena in clinical contexts.","volume":"11","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.585547","article-title":"Game transfer phenomena and problematic interactive media use: dispositional and media habit factors.","volume":"12","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4018\/ijcbpl.2014010105","article-title":"Auditory experiences in game transfer phenomena: an empirical self-report study.","volume":"4","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Cyber Behav. Psychol. Learn."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-014-9476-3","article-title":"Automatic mental processes, automatic actions and behaviours in game transfer phenomena: an empirical self-report study using online forum data.","volume":"12","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Health Addict."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2016.1164430","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of game transfer phenomena: a descriptive survey study.","volume":"32","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.Comput. Interact."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804157-4.00006-2","article-title":"Beyond the boundaries of the game: the interplay between in-game phenomena, structural characteristics of video games, and game transfer phenomena","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Boundaries of Self and Reality Online"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00250-6","article-title":"Letter to the editor for \u2018current addiction reports\u2019\u2014game transfer phenomena and dissociation: a reply to guglielmucci et al.","volume":"6","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"9","article-title":"Can game transfer phenomena contribute to the understanding of the psychophysiological mechanisms of gaming disorder? A comparison of visual intrusions induced by videogames and mental disorders","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Behavioural Addictions"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.06.060","article-title":"An empirical examination of factors associated with Game Transfer Phenomena severity.","volume":"64","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2015.0221","article-title":"The game transfer phenomena scale: an instrument for investigating the non-volitional effects of video game playing.","volume":"18","author":"Ortiz de Gortari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814521596","article-title":"World of Warcraft, the aftermath: How game elements transfer into perceptions, associations and (day) dreams in the everyday life of massively multiplayer online role-playing game players.","volume":"16","author":"Poels","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2016.04.003","article-title":"Hallucinations as top-down effects on perception.","volume":"1","author":"Powers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry. Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.01.015","article-title":"Prevalence and dimensionality of hallucination-like experiences in young adults.","volume":"55","author":"Preti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2019.1623698","article-title":"Avatar characteristics induce users\u2019 behavioral conformity with small-to-medium effect sizes: a meta-analysis of the proteus effect.","volume":"23","author":"Ratan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"65","article-title":"Video-terminal dissociative trance: toward a psychodynamic understanding of problematic internet use.","volume":"14","author":"Schimmenti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83296-3","article-title":"Verwandte begriffe","author":"Spitzer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Halluzinationen: Ein Beitrag zur allgemeinen und klinischen Psychopathologie"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5490.350","article-title":"Replaying the game: hypnagogic images in normals and amnesics.","volume":"290","author":"Stickgold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B54","author":"Tabachnick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Using Multivariate Statistics."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2018.1519581","article-title":"Palinopsia accompanied with migraine attack after having occipital brain abscess.","volume":"43","author":"Takayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012","article-title":"Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires.","volume":"60","author":"Terwee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1159\/000358065","article-title":"A short note on pseudohallucinations.","volume":"47","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.012","article-title":"Finding meaning in novel geometric shapes influences electrophysiological correlates of repetition and dissociates perceptual and conceptual priming.","volume":"49","author":"Voss","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.1.59","article-title":"Cognitive replay of visuomotor learning at sleep onset: temporal dynamics and relationship to task performance.","volume":"1","author":"Wamsley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-322-80655-0","author":"Wesener","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spielen in Virtuellen Welten: eine Untersuchung von Transferprozessen in Bildschirmspielen."},{"key":"B61","author":"Witting","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wie Computerspiele uns beeinflussen: Transferprozesse beim Bildschirmspiel im Erleben der User."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2011.01491.x","article-title":"Psychometric comparisons of three measures for assessing motor functions in preschoolers with intellectual disabilities.","volume":"56","author":"Wuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x","article-title":"The proteus effect: the effect of transformed self-representation on behavior.","volume":"33","author":"Yee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2013.10.016","article-title":"When the mind wanders: age-related differences between young and older adults.","volume":"145","author":"Zavagnin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.896238\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T06:45:24Z","timestamp":1660113924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.896238\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.896238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.896238","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"article-number":"896238"}}