{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T12:47:29Z","timestamp":1755694049624,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H325D140087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H325D140087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obtaining valid assessments of language and literacy skills in children with Down syndrome (DS) presents a challenge as there is a paucity of information about the psychometrics of measures that are commonly used to measure listening and reading comprehension in this population. Evaluating the construct validity of measures that employ different methods is essential to ascertain the optimal method of assessment in individuals with DS and with typical developmental histories (TD). This pilot study aimed to evaluate the construct validity of four parallel measures of listening and reading comprehension. Participants included 19 individuals with DS (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 17 years, 3 months; <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 3 years, 6 months) and 19 word-level reading-matched children with TD (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 7 years, 2 months; <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 7 months). Participants completed norm-referenced assessments for four parallel measures of listening and reading comprehension. The four measurement methods were: (1) non-verbal response, (2) cloze procedure, (3) passage-level with close-ended questions, and (4) passage-level with open-ended questions. Participants completed additional assessments (e.g., cognition, language, and speech) for descriptive purposes. Construct validity was assessed using the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix, a correlation matrix arranged to facilitate the assessment and interpretation of construct validity of measures across various formats. For both study groups, we observed strong evidence of construct validity for three out of four measurement methods. Results using the multimethod perspective also indicated that the listening and reading comprehension constructs were not separable. The findings from this pilot study represent a first step toward determining optimal methods of listening and reading comprehension assessment for individuals with DS. Additionally, these results can inform outcome measure selection in future language and literacy research with children with DS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.905273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T07:20:15Z","timestamp":1660288815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A pilot study assessing listening comprehension and reading comprehension in children with down syndrome: Construct validity from a multi-method perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alison","family":"Prahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Melanie","family":"Schuele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932517702444","article-title":"Multicomponent reading interventions for students with intellectual disability.","volume":"39","author":"Afacan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remed. Special Educ."},{"journal-title":"Childhood Hearing Screening.","year":"2022","key":"B2"},{"journal-title":"Reading and Writing for Individuals With Down Syndrome: An Overview.","year":"2001","author":"Buckley","key":"B3"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3104\/reports.51","article-title":"Investigating the literacy, language and memory skills of children with down syndrome.","volume":"3","author":"Byrne","year":"1995","journal-title":"Down Synd. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1348\/00070990260377497","article-title":"Reading, language and memory skills: A comparative longitudinal study of children with Down syndrome and their mainstream peers.","volume":"72","author":"Byrne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016","article-title":"Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.","volume":"56","author":"Campbell","year":"1959","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"journal-title":"Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language (TACL-4).","year":"2014","author":"Carrow-Woolfolk","key":"B7"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.1704.329","article-title":"The linguistic basis of reading disorders: Implications for the speech-language pathologist.","volume":"17","author":"Catts","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lang. Speech Hearing Serv. Schools"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"50","article-title":"Defining reading disabilities","author":"Catts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Language and Reading Disabilities"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/023)","article-title":"Language deficits in poor comprehenders: A case for the simple view of reading","volume":"49","author":"Catts","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-015-9576-x","article-title":"Early prediction of reading comprehension within the simple view framework.","volume":"28","author":"Catts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-277920006:23.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Behavioral phenotype of individuals with down syndrome.","volume":"6","author":"Chapman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mental Retard. Dev. Disabili. Res. Rev."},{"journal-title":"Statistical power analysis for behavioral sciences.","year":"1998","author":"Cohen","key":"B13"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90016-O","article-title":"When reading is acquired but phonemic awareness is not: A study of literacy in Down\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"46","author":"Cossu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1003_5","article-title":"Prediction of reading comprehension: Relative contributions of word recognition, language proficiency, and other cognitive skills can depend on how comprehension is measured.","volume":"10","author":"Cutting","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"journal-title":"Peabody Individual Achievement Test.","year":"1970","author":"Dunn","key":"B16"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2016.07.002","article-title":"Bringing the simple view of reading to the clinic: Relationships between oral and written language skills in a clinical sample.","volume":"62","author":"Ebert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_LSHSS-16-0036","article-title":"Beyond comprehension strategy instruction: What\u2019s next?","volume":"48","author":"Elleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Schools"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses.","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3104\/reprints.305","article-title":"The emergence of a syndrome-specific personality profile in young children with down syndrome.","volume":"10","author":"Fidler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Down Synd. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3104\/reviews\/2069","article-title":"The down syndrome behavioral phenotype: Taking a developmental approach.","volume":"12","author":"Fidler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Down Synd. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00001163-200504000-00003","article-title":"The emerging down syndrome behavioral phenotype in early childhood: Implications for practice.","volume":"18","author":"Fidler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infants Young Child. Interdiscipli. J. Early Child. Int."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"369","article-title":"Dimensions affecting the assessment of reading comprehension","author":"Francis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Children\u2019s Reading Comprehension and Assessment"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12162","article-title":"Evaluating a multidimensional reading comprehension program and reconsidering the lowly reputation of tests of near-transfer.","volume":"33","author":"Fuchs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learn. Disabili. Res. Pract."},{"journal-title":"Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale\u2013Fourth Revision (Arizona\u20134).","year":"2017","author":"Fudala","key":"B25"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654313499616","article-title":"Decoding and reading comprehension: A meta-analysis to identify which reader and assessment characteristics influence the strength of the relationship in English.","volume":"84","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258600700104","article-title":"Decoding, reading, and reading disability.","volume":"7","author":"Gough","year":"1986","journal-title":"Remed. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0039","article-title":"Oral language and listening comprehension: Same or different constructs?","volume":"60","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290600787721","article-title":"A case of exceptional reading accuracy in a child with down syndrome: Underlying skills and the relation to reading comprehension.","volume":"23","author":"Groen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"journal-title":"The Not So Simple View Of Reading In Down syndrome Ph. D, Thesis.","year":"2020","author":"Hessling","key":"B30"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2014.904441","article-title":"On the importance of listening comprehension.","volume":"16","author":"Hogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"journal-title":"Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening (PALS).","year":"1997","author":"Invernizzi","key":"B32"},{"journal-title":"Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test.","year":"2004","author":"Kaufman","key":"B33"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t27677-000","author":"Kaufman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430802132279","article-title":"Reading comprehension tests vary in the skills they assess: Differential dependence on decoding and oral comprehension.","volume":"12","author":"Keenan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.74","article-title":"Cognitive correlates of listening comprehension.","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Read. Res. Quart."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"369","article-title":"Comprehension","author":"Kintsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Children\u2019s Reading Comprehension and Assessment"},{"journal-title":"Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition.","year":"1998","author":"Kintsch","key":"B38"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0039","article-title":"Oral language and listening comprehension: Same or different constructs?","volume":"60","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"journal-title":"Qualitative Reading Inventory-3.","year":"2001","author":"Lauren","key":"B40"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-015-9578-8","article-title":"Reading comprehension in children with down syndrome.","volume":"29","author":"Laws","year":"2016","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357615618941","article-title":"Developing an early reading intervention aligned with the down syndrome behavioral phenotype.","volume":"32","author":"Lemons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Focus Autism Other Dev. Disabili."},{"journal-title":"Gates\u2013MacGinitie Reading Tests.","year":"2000","author":"MacGinitie","key":"B43"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0b013e3181a71fe1","article-title":"Language characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Topics Lang. Disord."},{"journal-title":"Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, (ROWPVT-4).","year":"","author":"Martin","key":"B45"},{"journal-title":"Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, (EOWPVT-4).","year":"","author":"Martin","key":"B46"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000018069.69562.b8","article-title":"Methodological issues in group-matching designs: \u03b1 levels for control variable comparisons and measurement characteristics of control and target variables.","volume":"34","author":"Mervis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Dis."},{"journal-title":"Unraveling Reading Comprehension.","year":"2013","author":"Miller","key":"B48"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.03.007","article-title":"The role of vocabulary, working memory and inference making ability in reading comprehension in down syndrome.","volume":"32","author":"Nash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabili."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2004.00238.x","article-title":"Beyond phonological skills: Broader language skills contribute to the development of reading.","volume":"27","author":"Nation","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Res. Read."},{"journal-title":"Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS).","year":"2015","author":"Nelson","key":"B51"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410612762","author":"Paris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Children\u2019s Reading Comprehension and Assessment."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"137","article-title":"Sources of comprehension failure: Theoretical perspectives and case studies","author":"Perfetti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reading Comprehension Difficulties: Processes and Intervention"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1044\/persp3.SIG1.180","article-title":"Psychometric requirements of oral and written language progress monitoring assessments.","volume":"3","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect. ASHA Special Int. Groups"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJSLP-21-00208","article-title":"Reading and listening comprehension in individuals with down syndrome and word reading\u2013matched typically developing children.","volume":"31","author":"Prahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820802012061","article-title":"Simple view of reading in Down\u2019s syndrome: The role of listening comprehension and reading skills.","volume":"44","author":"Roch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81588-4","article-title":"Hearing loss in children with down syndrome.","volume":"123","author":"Roizen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"97","article-title":"Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (DIS) abilities: Evidence, theory, and practice","author":"Scarborough","year":"2001","journal-title":"Handbook for research in early literacy"},{"journal-title":"Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Oral Language.","year":"2014","author":"Schrank","key":"B59"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2307\/747597","article-title":"Convergence of listening and reading processing.","volume":"25","author":"Sinatra","year":"1990","journal-title":"Read. Res. Quart."},{"journal-title":"Reading for Understanding: Toward An R&amp;D Program in Reading Comprehension.","year":"2002","author":"Snow","key":"B61"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e457482004-001","author":"Sticht","year":"1974","journal-title":"Reading: A Developmental Model."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-277919973:43.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Phonological development in down syndrome.","volume":"3","author":"Stoel-Gammon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mental Retard. Dev. Disabili. Res. Rev."},{"journal-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test: WIAT.","year":"1992","author":"Wechsler","key":"B64"},{"journal-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test\u2013Third Edition: WIAT-III.","year":"2009","author":"Wechsler","key":"B65"},{"journal-title":"Gray Oral Reading Tests: GORT-3.","year":"1992","author":"Wiederholt","key":"B66"},{"key":"B67","first-page":"173","article-title":"Avoidant learning styles and cognitive development in young children","author":"Wishart","year":"1996","journal-title":"New Approaches to Down Syndrome"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t15178-000","author":"Woodcock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Woodcock reading mastery tests (WRMT-III)."},{"journal-title":"Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement.","year":"2001","author":"Woodcock","key":"B69"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.905273\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T07:20:41Z","timestamp":1660288841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.905273\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.905273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.905273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"article-number":"905273"}}