{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:31:38Z","timestamp":1789705898147,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001275","name":"Oak Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sport is a context within which human and children\u2019s rights should be respected, promoted, and protected. Yet, research and high-profile cases demonstrate that this is not always the case. To understand the existence (or not) of reporting mechanisms for child protection violations in sport, as well as how existing reporting and response systems operate, the authors, with the support of the Centre for Sport and Human Rights, conducted research on current abuse disclosure and reporting pathways in sport. The purpose was two-fold: to describe global child protection systems and reporting mechanisms, and to identify major areas of stakeholder concern, in terms of effective case resolution, healing, and children\u2019s experiences along reporting pathways in sport. Two sources of evidence were tapped. First, a rapid evidence assessment consisting of a literature review and an exploratory survey with 112 global stakeholders was conducted. Second, focus group interviews informed by the evidence assessment were held with nine athletes with lived experiences of abuse in youth sport and 13 global human and children\u2019s rights experts primarily working outside of sport. Through this emergent research, a \u2018pathway\u2019 or \u2018journey\u2019 to incident reporting in sport was developed, summarized as 5 \u2018Rs\u2019: <jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>eadiness, <jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>ecognition, disclosure and <jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>eporting, <jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>esponse, and <jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>emedy, which are similar but not identical to existing trauma frameworks. Each stage of the reporting journey appears to be influenced by a range of contextual, organizational, relational, and individual factors. All told, the disclosure of child protection violations in sport is a complex and dynamic process where myriad factors interact to influence outcomes, including healing. Key recommendations include: (a) establishing a global Safety Net Environment in sport practice with varying applications from region to region, (b) building bridges with specific partner organizations to enhance child protection and safeguarding work in sport and (c) bringing safeguarding to unregulated sporting environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.907247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T20:54:30Z","timestamp":1672865670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The journey to reporting child protection violations in sport: Stakeholder perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yetsa A.","family":"Tuakli-Wosornu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandi L.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Tivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rhind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"The Experiences of Children Participating in Organised Sport in the UK","author":"Alexander","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2021.1920456","article-title":"Safeguarding in sports settings: unpacking a conflicting identity","volume":"14","author":"Bekker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Sport Exercise Health"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Protecting Children From Violence in Sport: A Review With a Focus on Industrialized Countries","author":"Brackenridge","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/101269097032004005","article-title":"Playing safe: assessing the risk of sexual abuse to elite child athletes","volume":"32","author":"Brackenridge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/13573320500111853","article-title":"Measuring the impact of child protection through activation states","volume":"10","author":"Brackenridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2779-6_103-1","article-title":"Thematic analysis","volume-title":"Handbook of Research Methods in Health and Social Sciences","author":"Braun","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"191","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in sport and exercise research","volume-title":"Routledge Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Sport and Exercise","author":"Braun","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02093360","article-title":"Self-reported amnesia for abuse in adults molested as children","volume":"6","author":"Briere","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1163\/15718189920494264","article-title":"Children\u2019s rights and sports - young athletes and competitive sports: exploit and exploitations","volume":"7","author":"David","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Child. Rights"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203511039","volume-title":"Human Rights in Youth Sport: a Critical Review of Children\u2019s Rights in Competitive Sport","author":"David","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690204049804","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual harassment among Norwegian female athletes in relation to sport type","volume":"39","author":"Fasting","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Gender-Based Violence in Zambian Sport: Prevalence and Prevention","author":"Fasting","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1163\/15718182-02801009","article-title":"The decolonisation of Children\u2019s rights and the colonial contours of the convention on the rights of the child","volume":"28","author":"Faulkner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Child. Rights"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568219847256","article-title":"Decolonizing the child protection apparatus: Revisiting child rights governance in Zanzibar","volume":"26","author":"Fay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Childhood."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"191","article-title":"Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions and emerging confluences","volume-title":"The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research","author":"Guba","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Armies of Enablers: Survivor Stories of Complicity and Betrayal in Sexual Assaults","author":"Guiora","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"CASES: General Report. The Prevalence and Characteristics of Interpersonal Violence Against Children (IVAC) Inside and Outside Sport in Six European Countries","author":"Hartill","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568219854518","article-title":"Child rights governance: an introduction","volume":"26","author":"Holzscheiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Childhood"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP10451","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221095790","article-title":"Introduction - the prevention of sexual violence in sport: a real game changer","volume":"37","author":"Kaufman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Prevalence of Maltreatment Among Current and Former National Team Athletes in Partnership with AthletesCAN","author":"Kerr","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2008.9671882","article-title":"Vulnerability\/prevention: considering the needs of disabled and gay athletes in the context of sexual harassment and abuse","volume":"6","author":"Kirby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","author":"Kirby","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"The Dome of Silence. Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport","author":"Kirby","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0","article-title":"The world report on violence and health","volume":"360","author":"Krug","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/21640629.2021.1990655","article-title":"Advancing children\u2019s rights in sport: coaching, childhood agency and the participatory agenda","volume":"11","author":"Lang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Coaching Rev."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203628515","volume-title":"Safeguarding, Child Protection and Abuse in Sport: International Perspectives in Research, Policy and Practice","author":"Lang","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504262963","article-title":"Perpetrator methodology as a predictor of traumatic symptomatology in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse","volume":"19","author":"Leahy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Key ingredients for successful trauma-informed care implementation","author":"Menschner","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096121","article-title":"The IOC consensus statement: harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport","volume":"50","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094619","article-title":"Safeguarding the child athlete in sport: a review, a framework and recommendations for the IOC youth athlete development model","volume":"49","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160940691773384","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847","article-title":"Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria","volume":"16","author":"Nowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-017-0485-9","article-title":"Sexual violence in organised sport in Germany","volume":"48","author":"Ohlert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sportwissenschaft"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.11.004","article-title":"Sexual abuse in sport: what about boys?","volume":"34","author":"Parent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515580366","article-title":"Sexual violence experienced in the sport context by a representative sample of Quebec adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Parent","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1177\/0193723520973571","article-title":"Magnitude and risk factors for interpersonal violence experienced by Canadian teenagers in the sport context","volume":"45","author":"Parent","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Social Issues."},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods","author":"Patton","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref36","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Project CARE: A Global Census of Athlete Right\u2019s Experiences","author":"Rhind","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315213545","volume-title":"International Safeguards for Children in Sport: Developing and Embedding a Safeguarding Culture","author":"Rhind","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2019.05.009","article-title":"Evaluating the impacts of working towards the international safeguards for children in sport","volume":"23","author":"Rhind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport Manage. Rev."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2019.03.001","article-title":"Organisational factors and non-accidental violence in sport: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport Manage. Rev."},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"An Overview of the Sport-Related Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children","author":"Rozga","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref42","author":"Sheldon","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2022.2052946","article-title":"Co-production: a resource to guide co-producing research in the sport, exercise, and health sciences","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Sport Exercise Health"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/16138171.2019.1655851","article-title":"Reporting abuse in sport: a question of power","volume":"16","author":"Solstadt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Society"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"Repr\u00e4sentativbefragung Sexueller Missbrauch 2011 [representative survey sexual abuse 2011]","author":"Stadler","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/101269001036002003","article-title":"The forbidden zone: intimacy, sexual relations and misconduct in the relationship between coaches and athletes","volume":"36","author":"Toftegaard Nielsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001406","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2022-001406","article-title":"\u2018Knowing we have these rights does not always mean we feel free to use them\u2019: athletes\u2019 perceptions of their human rights in sport","volume":"8","author":"Tuakli-Wosornu","year":"","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exercise Med."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105490","article-title":"Expanding sports injury prevention to include trauma and adversity","volume":"56","author":"Tuakli-Wosornu","year":"","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815038","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.815038","article-title":"Safeguarding reimagined: centering Athletes\u2019 rights and repositioning Para sport to chart a new path","volume":"13","author":"Tuakli-Wosornu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5960\/dzsm.2021.479","article-title":"Cherry-picking and lemon-dropping lessons from anti-doping to boost abuse prevention in sport","volume":"72","author":"Tuakli-Wosornu","year":"","journal-title":"Dtsch Z Sportmed."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099854","article-title":"Non-accidental harms ('abuse') in athletes with impairment ('para athletes'): a state-of-the-art review","volume":"54","author":"Tuakli-Wosornu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104874","article-title":"Sports equity: a new BJSM e-edition brings the fundamentals back into focus","volume":"55","author":"Tuakli-Wosornu","year":"","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref54","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862220","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.862220","article-title":"Preventing sexual violence in sport: determinants of positive coach-bystander behavior","volume":"13","author":"Verhelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"254","article-title":"\u2018Jij kan de absolute top bereiken, maar alleen als je me vertrouwt\u2019: plegerkenmerken van seksueel kindermisbruik in de sport vanuit slachtofferperspectief","volume":"40","author":"Vertommen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Panopticon."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.10.006","article-title":"Interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium","volume":"51","author":"Vertommen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.907247\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T20:54:48Z","timestamp":1672865688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.907247\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.907247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.907247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"article-number":"907247"}}